A summary of all the key elements of this module with easy to refer to individual sections including Hybridisation, Organic Compounds, Hydrocarbons, Nucleophilic Substitutions, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Purification & Analysis of Biomolecules, Enzymes, Metabolic Reactions and a list o...
TERM MEANING
Alditol A Sugar alcohol
Aliphatic Cs form open chains (not rings)
Furanose A 5 C ring sugar
Pyranose A 6 C ring sugar
Hemiacetal Result from the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde
Hemiketal Result from the addition of an alcohol to a ketone
Compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have been replaced by halogen
Alkyl Halides
atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine)
Lactone Organic compound containing an ester group —OCO— as part of a ring
Anomer Isomers of cyclic sugars -DIFFERS AT C-1 OR CARBOXYL
Enantiomer Mirror image isomers
Epimer Stereoisomers that differ from one another at any one CHIRAL CARBON
Stereoisomers Compounds differing only in the spatial arrangement of their atoms
Apoenzyme / apoprotein Protein part of an enzyme (not attached to cofactor)
Holoenzyme Protein part of an enzyme attached to a cofactor
Chiral / Stereocentre A Carbon with 4 different substituents
Chromophore Atom or group whose presence is responsible for colour of a compound
ΔG Gibbs free energy
D sugar -OH on C furthest from aldehyde group is to RIGHT
L sugar -OH on C furthest from aldehyde group is to LEFT
Electrophile Accept electron pairs – POSITIVELY CHARGED
Nucleophile Donates electron pair – NEGATIVELY CHARGED
Heteropolysaccharides /
Polysaccharides with the same repeating saccharide
Heteroglycans
Homopolysaccharides /
Polysaccharides with differing saccharides
Homoglycans
Interaction involving a H⁺ atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high
HYDROGEN BONDING
affinity for electrons
Phosphodiester / 3' carbon of one sugar is bonded to the 5' phosphate of the adjacent sugar /
phosphodiesterase’s enzymes that break phosphodiester bonds
Inorganic molecule A molecule not consisting of carbon atoms
Organic molecule Compound that contains C and H (most also include O, N, and some S, P)
Nucleoside Structural subunit of nucleic acid – molecule of sugar linked to nitrogenous base
Structural subunit of nucleic acid – molecule of sugar linked to nitrogenous base and
Nucleotide
phosphate group
Oxidation Gaining of O / loss of e¯ / loss of H
Reduction Loss of O / gain of e¯ / gain of H
π (Pi) Bond Sideways bond between electrons of atoms
σ (Sigma) Bond Head on bond between electrons of atoms
Zwitterion Molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups
, Hybridisation
• Promotion of one 2s electron to vacant 2p orbital, creating a mix of hybrid bonding orbitals
• Each of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals shares 1 electron with each of the neighboring atoms
• Example: Methane CH₄
• Orbital overlaps:
Head on = σ Sideways = π
Bonds 4 single (0 double) 1 double 1 triple
3
Classification sp hybridised sp² hybridized sp hybridised
sp² x 3 sp x 2
Orbitals sp³ x 4
2p 2p x 2
Shape Tetrahedral Trigonal planar Linear
Neighbours 4 3 2
σ σ
Bond types σ
π π
Bond angles 109.5° 120° 180°
Methane CH₄ Ethene C₂H₄ Ethyne C₂H₂
Example
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller helenpeters100. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.72. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
