Class notes
TVOY: All lectures
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This document contains the notes of all The Voice of Youth lectures at Utrecht University. Because the course is taught entirely in English, the notes are also in English.
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TVOY - HoorcollegesHoorcollege 1 – An introduction – Dr. Tjitske de Groot
Today’s lecture
Part 1
o Introduction
o Perspective on youth participation
o Key concepts
Part 2
o Course outline
Part 1 – Introduction
Would you know other examples of youth who could be nominated
for the title child/person of the year
How important are youth activists for improving youth participation in
general? Why?
Perspectives on youth and youth participation
Constructions of childhood and youth: Ariès
Voor 1500 werden kinderen niet als anders gezien dan volwassenen.
Ze waren niet zo afhankelijk van volwassenen, ze werden behandeld
als mini-volwassenen. Er was geen behoefte aan opvoeding in die tijd.
Ariès laat zien dat op middeleeuwse schilderijen kinderen aan het
spelen zijn, maar ze zijn afgebeeld als volwassenen (alleen een beetje
kleiner)
Hierna, toen scholen meer universeel waren, kwam er een scheiding tussen volwassenheid
en kindheid. Ze werden ook meer gescheiden van elkaar in de zin dat er een kinderwereld en
volwassenwereld was.
Constructions of childhood and youth: Margaret Mead
Margaret is een bekende culture antropoloog, ze zegt dat het interessant is dat in het westen
volwassenen worden en jeugdig zijn
Parenting behaviour
Youth as a problem vs youth as a solution
Children do not have political power
In het algemeen/traditioneel worden kinderen niet gevraagd om hun
mening, dingen worden besloten vóór kinderen, niet met kinderen.
Mensen denken dat kinderen niet genoeg ervaring hebben of te
inconsistent zijn om iets over een bepaald onderwerp te kunnen
zeggen.
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,TVOY - Hoorcolleges
Why young people’s lives are political? (Kallio & Häkli, 2013)
Context in which they live: social, economical and cultural conditions
Shapes subjectification, socialization and identity construction
Active role
Why should youth participate?
It is their right to participate
It is useful for them to participate (instrumental benefits)
Participation – where?
Is youth participation always a good thing?
Nee, jongeren/jeugd zijn niet altijd volwassen genoeg voor bepaalde besluiten. Ze kunnen ook niet
goed genoeg geïnformeerd zijn. Daarnaast kunnen sommige dingen ook een te grote
verantwoordelijkheid zijn.
Tokenism
Tokenism is participation ‘for show’ where young
people have little or no influence
Activism vs. participation
Participtatie is iets wat is gestart door volwassenen, activisme
komt meestal meer vanuit de jeugd. Activisme is meer politiek
en meer confronterend dan participatie.
Key concepts
Voice
o Voice is typically described as a form of self-
expression, where someone publicly shares a
personal story, a lived experience or an opinion
that represents his or her perspective on the
world ‘rather than accepting the
representations of more powerful others’ (Gal
cited in Cassel 1998, 310).
o Kan ook gezien en begrepen worden als een
vorm van empowerment
Empowerment
o Voice and empowerment: voice implies having power over the presentation of
reality and meaning, and the ability to construct, articulate, and therefore shape
one’s experience as it is presented to others (Quiroz, 2001)
Participation
o Voice as participation in decisionmaking: can consist on the most basic level of youth
sharing their opinions of problems and potential solutions (Mitra, 2004, p. 651)
o Belangrijk dat er ook geluisterd wordt naar iemands voice, zodat het gehoord kan
worden. Als niemand naar iemands stem luistert, is het geen vorm van
empowerment en besluitvorming.
Agency
o The capability or ability to act – thereby underscoring the individual’s ability to
influence those around them
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, TVOY - Hoorcolleges
o The ability to pursue goals that one values and has reason to value (Hart, 2009)
o The ability of individuals to operate, through their own active will, regardless of
wider social structures that may otherwise limit the choices that they may possess
(Dedman, 2011, 511)
o The capacity to manage actively the often discontinuous, overlapping or conflicting
relations of power (McNay, 2000, 16)
o Very often agency is confronted with structure. Agency is having the capability to act.
Power
o Power to: an individual’s capacity to act and influence others. Power within: the
individual’s belief in their personal mastery and control over events and actions.
Power over: varying forms of domination – crucially, underscoring the power of
those to exert controle over other. Power through: the ways in which power comes
to shape dominant norms and ways of knowing.
o Power to is de meest algemene vorm van het gebruik van power.
Citizenship
Deze definities hoeven niet exact gebruikt te worden, het zijn voorbeelden/ideeën, maar denk wel na
over wat je er precies mee bedoelt als je ze gebruikt. Je kan ook andere bronnen gebruiken die
andere definities hebben.
Youth voice and adults
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
Article 12: all children have the right to participate.
o maar wat betekent het om te participeren?
Course outline
Course coordinator and lectures
Goals of the course
Advanced knowledge and insight into the literature
Knowledge of societal issues
The ability to apply theoretical insights into practice
Seminars – part 1 – student led
Discussion of the reading questions related to the literature
A summary/explanation of the literature
An example of youth participation to which you can link tot he readings of that week
Discussion of some of the key concepts of the course and link them tot he literature and/or a
practical example.
Assignment 1 – position paper
Take a position on a issue that has to do with youth participation
Assignment 2 – interviews
Qualitative research in which you go deeper on the topic of climate issues or climate
acitivism, toghether with the organization Speaking Minds.
Presentatie voor Speaking Minds o.a. om je uitkomsten van het onderzoek te presenteren
Community event
Attendance
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