Summary African Americans: OCR Civil Rights in the USA ()
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Course
Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992
Institution
OCR
A complete chronological timeline of the African American section of the OCR A-Level History Civil Rights in the USA () module. Colour-coded in era's. Each event is dated and given a brief description/summary.
Abolition of slavery – 1865, 13th Amendment
1954-1965:
Reconstruction – North rule over South
Little Rock – prevented 9 students entering school, fed. troops intervened
Andrew Johnson – opposed to abolition of slavery
CR Act 1957 – set up CR commission, investigated racial discrimination
14th & 15th Amendments – outlawed discrimination
MLK – Birmingham, Alabama, March on Washington, March on Selma, ‘I have a dream’ speech
CR Act – 1866, promised legal equality
SCLC – set up by MLK, led Montgomery Bus Boycott
Freedman’s Bureau – promote welfare/equality
Montgomery Bus Boycott – Rosa Parks, AA boycotted buses (for 1 year), bus companies went bankrupt,
Sharecropping – AA working on white peoples farms (get housing etc)
had to desegregate buses
Black Codes – laws in south to control freed slaves
JFK – good for AA, prepared CR/VR Acts before death
Ulysses Grant – liked/supported AA, enforced anti-KKK bill
James Meredith – wasn’t allowed to enter Mississippi University, fed. troops intervened
Emergence of the KKK – emerged in South, 2000 deaths in Louisiana alone, lynchings/violence
SNCC – ‘sit-ins’, 1962
Hayes Tilden Compromise – ended Reconstruction, withdrew federal troops from South
CORE – challenged segregation directly, 1942
Birmingham, Alabama – ‘Bull’ Connor, attacking of CR protestors
1877-1915:
March on Washington – led by MLK, aim was to encourage CR Act, middle-classes, ¼ supporters were
white
LBJPlessy vs Ferguson
– passed CR/VR –Acts
1896,
(onBAD, ‘separate
behalf of JFK) but equal’ facilities for AA and whites, segregation
Civil
Jim Crow
Rightslaws
Act –– 1964,
state laws, enforcenoracial
LBJ passed, segregation
segregation on basis of race
Selma
Booker– T. Washington
Selma, Alabama, – AA should
march prove themselves,
to Montgomery ‘dipfaced
(capital), your bucket’
white violence, right to vote, confused
VRWEB Du Bois
Act of 1965– established NAACP (1909), wanted to challenge white supremacy
1915-1945:
1965-1992:
Marcus Garvey – set up the ‘Black Star Line’ (failed), encouraged Black Pride
Voting
WW1 –Rights Act AA
350,000 – 1965, made
served BUTliteracy tests saw
only 40,000 illegal, AA’sservice
active can vote equally with whites
Malcolm X – promote AA heritage/pride etc., strong speaker
Depression – AA unemployment rates doubled that of whites, ‘last to be hired, first to be fired’
NOI – Nation
Roosevelt of Islam,
– New Deal,Malcolm X, Black
helped AA’s Power,
ended discrimination
discrimination against
in war whites
industries
Black Power – Stokely Carmichael, direct action and seg.
Truman – Executive orders, against segregation in armed forces from whites (Malcolm X ideas)
Black
WW2Panthers
– 500,000 – Huey Newton/Bobby
AA’s moved Seale,jobs),
north (better armed, violent, black
segregation in USpride/culture
Army (white & black blood
Social/economic
separated etc) inequality – 1 in 3 AA in poverty, high crime rates, low educational achievements
Nixon – Affirmative Action, promote AA employment
Jesse Jackson – presidential candidate in 1984/1988, first AA to be considered
1945-1954:
Rodney King Affair – Los Angeles, 1991, police brutality, all white jury acquitted the officers, faced
backlash from AA
NAACP – 1909, Booker T. Washington, anti-lynching, change through courts
‘Birth of a Nation’ – NAACP, glorified the KKK, re-emergence
Lynching – used by white Americans (KKK) to control AA
Philip Randolph – believed in non-violent protest, wanted discrimination to end in war industries
Eisenhower – created CR Acts, helped intervene with federal troops during Little Rock
Brown vs. Board of Education – ruled school segregation to be unconstitutional
White Citizens Councils – wanted to maintain segregation in the South, opposed to B vs B of Edu.
Emmett Till – 14 year old AA murdered by 2 white’s, accused of assaulting a white woman in store, all
white jury acquitted the murderers
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