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Fisiología II
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Fisiología II de veterinaria
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Fisiología IIDoble Grado en Veterinaria y Producción Animal
Carmen Albaladejo Ramos
,Índice
Índice_________________________________________________________________________________ 2
1 Aparato reproductor _________________________________________________________________ 6
1.1 Aparato reproductor masculino ___________________________________________________________ 6
1.1.1 Funciones _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.1.2 Estructura ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
1.1.3 Testículos _____________________________________________________________________________________ 8
1.1.4 Estrategias entre machos ________________________________________________________________________ 9
1.1.5 Escroto ______________________________________________________________________________________ 11
1.1.6 Cordón espermático ___________________________________________________________________________ 12
1.1.7 Canal o conducto inguinal _______________________________________________________________________ 12
1.1.8 Glándulas accesorias ___________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.1.8.1 Ampolla del conducto deferente _____________________________________________________________ 13
1.1.8.2 Vesícula seminal __________________________________________________________________________ 13
1.1.8.3 Próstata _________________________________________________________________________________ 14
1.1.8.4 Glándulas bulbouretrales ___________________________________________________________________ 14
1.1.9 Pene ________________________________________________________________________________________ 16
1.1.10 Eyaculado _________________________________________________________________________________ 18
1.1.11 Anomalías congénitas ________________________________________________________________________ 18
1.1.12 Ondas espermatogénicas _____________________________________________________________________ 18
1.2 Endocrinología del macho _______________________________________________________________ 19
1.3 Cópula ______________________________________________________________________________ 25
1.4 Aparato reproductor femenino __________________________________________________________ 26
1.4.1 Órganos internos ______________________________________________________________________________ 26
1.4.1.1 Ovarios _________________________________________________________________________________ 26
1.4.1.2 Trompas uterinas (Oviductos, trompas de Falopio o salpinx) ______________________________________ 27
1.4.1.3 Útero ___________________________________________________________________________________ 27
1.4.1.4 Vagina __________________________________________________________________________________ 30
1.4.2 Órganos externos _____________________________________________________________________________ 30
1.4.2.1 Clítoris __________________________________________________________________________________ 30
1.4.2.2 Vulva ___________________________________________________________________________________ 30
1.5 Fisiología de la reproducción en las hembras _______________________________________________ 30
1.5.1 Funcionamiento del ovario y de los conductos genitales ______________________________________________ 30
1.5.1.1 Trompas uterinas _________________________________________________________________________ 32
1.5.1.2 Útero ___________________________________________________________________________________ 32
1.5.1.3 Vagina __________________________________________________________________________________ 32
1.5.1.4 Vulva y clítoris ____________________________________________________________________________ 32
1.6 Ciclo estral ___________________________________________________________________________ 32
1.6.1 Fases del ciclo estral ___________________________________________________________________________ 33
1.6.2 Cambios durante el ciclo estral ___________________________________________________________________ 34
1.7 Ciclo reproductivo _____________________________________________________________________ 35
1.7.1 El hipotálamo _________________________________________________________________________________ 35
1.7.2 La hipófisis o glándula pituitaria __________________________________________________________________ 36
1.7.3 La relación hipotálamo-hipófisis __________________________________________________________________ 36
1.8 Hormonas hipotalámicas _______________________________________________________________ 38
2
, 1.9 Hormonas adenohipofisarias ____________________________________________________________ 38
1.10 Hormonas gonadales___________________________________________________________________ 39
1.11 Hormonas producidas en la corteza adrenal ________________________________________________ 41
1.12 Hormonas producidas en la glándula pineal ________________________________________________ 41
1.13 Hormonas producidas en la placenta ______________________________________________________ 41
1.14 Hormonas producidas en el útero ________________________________________________________ 42
1.15 Regulación neuroendocrina del ciclo estral _________________________________________________ 42
1.16 Las glándulas mamarias ________________________________________________________________ 45
1.16.1 Embriología ________________________________________________________________________________ 46
1.16.2 Malformaciones y desarrollo en los machos ______________________________________________________ 48
1.16.3 La ubre ____________________________________________________________________________________ 48
1.16.4 Sistema suspensor __________________________________________________________________________ 48
1.16.5 Estructura _________________________________________________________________________________ 49
1.16.6 Los pezones ________________________________________________________________________________ 50
1.16.7 Control hormonal ___________________________________________________________________________ 51
1.16.8 Involución _________________________________________________________________________________ 53
1.16.9 Vascularización e inervación___________________________________________________________________ 53
1.16.9.1 Arterias _________________________________________________________________________________ 54
1.16.9.2 Venas___________________________________________________________________________________ 54
1.16.9.3 Vasos linfáticos ___________________________________________________________________________ 55
1.16.9.4 Nervios _________________________________________________________________________________ 55
1.17 Glándula mamaria en otras especies ______________________________________________________ 55
1.17.1 Yegua _____________________________________________________________________________________ 55
1.17.2 Oveja y cabra _______________________________________________________________________________ 56
1.17.3 Perra _____________________________________________________________________________________ 57
1.17.4 Gata ______________________________________________________________________________________ 57
1.17.5 Coneja ____________________________________________________________________________________ 57
1.17.6 Cerda _____________________________________________________________________________________ 58
1.17.7 Camella ___________________________________________________________________________________ 58
2 Fisiología del aparato digestivo _______________________________________________________ 59
2.1 Aparato digestivo _____________________________________________________________________ 59
2.1.1 Tubo digestivo ________________________________________________________________________________ 59
2.1.2 Control de la función gastrointestinal _____________________________________________________________ 60
2.2 Fases de la digestión ___________________________________________________________________ 61
2.2.1 Digestión bucal _______________________________________________________________________________ 61
2.2.2 Digestión gástrica _____________________________________________________________________________ 63
2.2.3 Digestión del intestino delgado y absorción ________________________________________________________ 65
2.2.4 Digestión del intestino grueso y eliminación de substancias no aprovechables (Heces) ______________________ 68
2.2.5 Cecotrofia ___________________________________________________________________________________ 68
2.3 Digestión en rumiantes _________________________________________________________________ 70
2.3.1 Rumia _______________________________________________________________________________________ 71
2.3.2 Procesos fermentativos _________________________________________________________________________ 71
2.3.3 Microorganismo ______________________________________________________________________________ 71
2.3.4 Metabolismo de los carbohidratos ________________________________________________________________ 72
3
, 2.3.5 Metabolismo proteíco __________________________________________________________________________ 73
2.3.6 Metabolismo lipídico ___________________________________________________________________________ 73
2.3.7 Diferentes digestiones__________________________________________________________________________ 73
2.4 Aves ________________________________________________________________________________ 74
2.5 Absorción de los nutrientes _____________________________________________________________ 74
2.5.1 Absorción de glúcidos __________________________________________________________________________ 74
2.5.2 Absorción de aminoácidos ______________________________________________________________________ 75
2.5.3 Absorción de grasas____________________________________________________________________________ 75
2.5.4 Absorción de agua y sales minerales ______________________________________________________________ 75
2.5.5 Absorción de vitaminas _________________________________________________________________________ 75
2.6 Medio interno ________________________________________________________________________ 75
2.6.1 Homeostasis y homeorresis _____________________________________________________________________ 76
2.6.2 Balance de agua _______________________________________________________________________________ 76
2.6.3 Componentes de la sangre ______________________________________________________________________ 77
2.6.4 Estrés _______________________________________________________________________________________ 80
3 Fisiología y anatomía de las aves______________________________________________________ 81
3.1 Sistema respiratorio ___________________________________________________________________ 81
3.1.1 Fosas nasales _________________________________________________________________________________ 81
3.1.2 Laringe ______________________________________________________________________________________ 81
3.1.3 Tráquea _____________________________________________________________________________________ 82
3.1.4 Sistema bronquial _____________________________________________________________________________ 82
3.1.5 Pulmones ____________________________________________________________________________________ 83
3.1.6 Sacos aéreos _________________________________________________________________________________ 83
3.1.7 Ciclos de respiración ___________________________________________________________________________ 83
3.2 Sistema digestivo______________________________________________________________________ 84
3.2.1 Buche _______________________________________________________________________________________ 84
3.2.2 Proventrículo, estómago glandular o estómago verdadero ____________________________________________ 84
3.2.3 Molleja o estómago muscular ____________________________________________________________________ 85
3.2.4 Páncreas _____________________________________________________________________________________ 86
3.2.5 Hígado ______________________________________________________________________________________ 86
3.2.6 Vesícula biliar _________________________________________________________________________________ 86
3.2.7 Intestino delgado ______________________________________________________________________________ 87
3.2.8 Intestino grueso _______________________________________________________________________________ 88
3.2.9 Riñones _____________________________________________________________________________________ 88
3.2.10 Absorciones y digestiones en el intestino delgado _________________________________________________ 88
3.3 Anatomía y fisiología de la puesta ________________________________________________________ 89
3.3.1 Desarrollo de las gónadas _______________________________________________________________________ 90
3.3.2 Ave adulta ___________________________________________________________________________________ 90
3.3.3 Oogénesis____________________________________________________________________________________ 91
3.3.4 Formación del huevo ___________________________________________________________________________ 92
3.3.5 Formación de la cáscara ________________________________________________________________________ 93
3.3.6 Estructura de la cáscara ________________________________________________________________________ 96
3.3.7 Oviposición __________________________________________________________________________________ 96
3.4 Reproducción en las aves _______________________________________________________________ 97
3.4.1 Aparato reproductor del gallo ___________________________________________________________________ 97
3.4.2 Espermatógenesis _____________________________________________________________________________ 98
4
, 3.4.3 Manejo de los reproductores machos _____________________________________________________________ 98
3.5 Sistemas de reproducción en las aves _____________________________________________________ 99
3.5.1 Inseminación artificial en aves ___________________________________________________________________ 99
3.6 Programas de iluminación ______________________________________________________________ 99
3.6.1 Bases de la iluminación en gallinas _______________________________________________________________ 100
3.6.2 Tipos de programas en recría en naves convencionales ______________________________________________ 101
3.7 Fisiología de la puesta _________________________________________________________________ 101
3.7.1 Ritmos de puesta _____________________________________________________________________________ 101
3.7.2 Control de la ovulación ________________________________________________________________________ 102
3.7.3 Formación de las series de puesta _______________________________________________________________ 102
3.7.4 Distribución de las oviposiciones ________________________________________________________________ 102
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