AP Biology Exam Terms Latest Updates 2023

AP Biology Exam Terms organic compounds - contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs functional groups - amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH) fat - glycerol and three fatty acids saturated fats - bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temp. unsaturated fats - better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp. steriods - lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones phospholipids - glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors carbohydrates - used by cells for energy and stucture; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods]) proteins - made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels) enzymes - catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up that rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy competitve inhibtion - inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site noncompetitive inhibition - inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind pH - logarithmic scale; 7 acidic, 7 neutral, 7 basic (alkaline); 4 is 10 times more acidic than 5 hydrolysis - breaks down compounds by adding water dehydration - two components brought together, producing H2O endergonic reaction - reaction that requires input of energy exergonic reaction - reaction that gives off energy redox - electron transfer reactions cell wall - found in prokaryotes and plant cells eukaryotes; protects and shapes the cell plasma membrane - found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; regulates what substances enter and leave a cell ribosome - found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; host for protein synthesis; form in nucleolus smooth ER - found in eukaryotes; lipid synthesis, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism; contains no ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface rough ER - found in eukaryotes; synthesizes proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface Golgi - found in eukaryotes; modifies lipids, proteins to secrete or send to plasma membrane; contains ribosomes on cytoplasmic surface mitochondria - found in eukaryotes; power plant of cell; hosts major energy-producing steps of respiration lysosome - found in eukaryotes; contains enzymes that digest organic compounds; serves as cell's stomach nucleus - found in eukaryotes; control center of cell; host for transcription, replication, and DNA peroxisome - found in eukaryotes; breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of alcohol chloroplast - found in plant cells eukaryotes; site of photosynthesis in plants cytoskeleton - found in eukaryotes; skeleton of cell; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments vacuole - large in plant cells and small in animal cells; storage vaults of cells centrioles - found in animal cells eukaryote; part of microtubule separation apparatus that assits cell division in animal cells fluid mosaic model - plasma membrane is selectively permeable phosolipid bilayer with proteins of various lengths and sizes interspersed with cholesterol amoung the phospholipids integral proteins - proteins implanted within lipid bilayer of plasma membrane diffusion - passive movement of substances down their concentration gradient (from high to low concentrations) osmosis - passive movement of water from the side of low solute concentration to the side of high solute concentration facilitated diffusion - assisted transport of particles across membrane (no energy input) active transport - movement of substances against concentration gradient (low to high concentrations; requires energy input) endocytosis - phagocytosis of particles into cell through the use of vesicles exocytosis - process by which particles are ejected from the cell, similar to movement in a trash chute aerobic respiration - glycolysis - krebs cycle - oxidative phosphorylation - 36 ATP per glucose molecule anaerobic respiration (fermentation) - glycolysis - regenerate NAD+ - 2 ATP per glucose molecule glycolysis - conversion of 1 glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH; occurs in the cytoplasma, and in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration; must have NAD+ to proceed Krebs cycle - conversion 1 pyruvate molecule into 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, H2O, and CO2; occurs twice for each glucose to yeild double the products above; occurs in the mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation - production of large amounts of ATP from NADH and FADH2; occurs in the mitochrondria; requires the presence of oxygen to proceed chemiosmosis - coupling of the movement of electrons down the ETC with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by the proton gradient; occurs in both cell respiration and photosynthesis to produce ATP ATP synthase - enzyme responsible for using protons to actually produce ATP from ADP fermentation - process that regenerates NAD+ so glycolsis can begin again; occurs in absence of oxygen alcohol fermentation - occurs in fungi, yeast, and bacteria; causes conversion of pyruvate to ethanol lactic acid fermentation - occurs in humans and animal muscles; causes conversion of pyruvate - lactate; causes cramping sensation when oxygen runs low in muscles photosynthesis - process by which plants use the energy from light to generate sugar; occurs in chloroplasts; light reactions (thylakoid), and Calvin cycle (stroma) autotroph - self-nourishing organism that is also known as a producer (plants) heterotrophs - organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain energy--consmers transpiration - loss of water via evaporation through the stomata photophosphorylation - process by which ATP is made during light reactions photolysis - process by which water is split into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms (light reactions) stomata - structure through which CO2 enters a plant, and water vapor and oxygen leave plant pigment - molcule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength (chlorophyll, carotenoid, phycobilins) C4 plants - plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions C4 photosynthesis - process that first converts CO2 into a 4-carbon molcule in the mesophyll cells, converts that product to malate and then shuttles it to the bundle sheath cells, where the malate releases CO2 and rubisco picks it up as if all were normal CAM plants - plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis