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Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, 7th Edition Latest 2030
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Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, 7th Edition Latest2030
Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, 7th Edition – Instructors Manual
Chapter 1 – History
Chapter Overview
The first part of this chapter provides a historical survey of the pharmacologic and political influences
on the use of psychoactive substances and compulsive behaviors in all civilizations. The second part
presents a system for classifying these psychoactive substances along with major legislation
impacting use of drugs and treatment of addictions.
Throughout the last 10,000 years, humans have used psychoactive drugs to alter their perception of
reality for a variety of reasons. By studying the history of drug use and abuse, a number of historical
themes become apparent.
1. There is a basic need of human beings to cope with their environment and enhance their
existence.
2. Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and
mental illness to induce an altered state of consciousness.
3. The ruling classes, governments, and businesses have always been involved in trying to control
the drug trade, often using it as a source of revenue through trade and taxes.
4. Technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing psychoactive drugs have
increased their potency and abuse liability.
5. Users and researchers have discovered new ways of taking drugs so they reach the brain
faster, thus increasing their abuse liability.
For example, opium was used originally for medicinal and spiritual purposes. Once people
discovered that opium created mental effects because of the way it manipulated the brain's own
natural chemicals especially endorphins, the body's own painkillers, they used it to change their
mental/emotional state. Legal, social, and health problems multiplied after people began to smoke it,
when it became a lucrative source of income for governments and trading companies, when it was
refined to the stronger morphine and heroin and when it could be delivered directly into the
bloodstream using a hypodermic needle.
The discovery of psychoactive plants (opium poppy, coca bush, coffee bean, Cannabis, and the
tobacco plant) and the subsequent synthesis of hundreds of other psychoactive substances, has led
to a medicine chest full drugs, most useful and some desirable but all causing problems when
abused.
Today alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, opioids (especially prescription drugs), crystal meth,
and ecstasy are the most widely used drugs. The recent development of synthetic marijuana sold as
―herbal incense‖ and synthetic stimulants sold as ―bath salts‖ represent a great potential for a
renewed proliferation of traditionally dangerous ―designer drugs.‖ Behavioral addictions (gambling,
internet, shopping, sex, compulsive eating disorder) are now formally recognized as addictions that
affect the same natural brain chemicals and neural pathways as addictive substances. The
popularity of abusing specific psychoactive substances is cyclical; cocaine in the 1880s, the 1910s
and '20s, and the 1970s to '80s; opiates, beginning thousands of years ago and continuing through
numerous cycles to the present. By viewing these cycles and the themes of drug use through the
lens of history, we can understand the enormous influence psychoactive drugs had on the
development of civilizations.
CLASSIFICATION
Psychoactive drugs include those substances that affect the central nervous system. This book
classifies drugs according to their effects: stimulants (uppers), depressants (downers), and
psychedelics (all arounders). Other groups of drugs include inhalants, sports drugs (e.g., anabolic
1 Chapter 1 – History & Classification © 2011, CNS Productions, Inc.
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steroids), and psychiatric medications such as Haldol® and Prozac®. Also included are compulsive
behaviors (e.g., gambling, eating disorders, etc.) that can be acted out in an addictive manner.
Chapter 1 – History Outline
INTRODUCTION
I. FIVE HISTORICAL THEMES OF DRUG USE
1. Human need to cope with the environment
2. A susceptible brain chemistry
3. Business & government involvement
4. Technological advances in making drugs
5. More efficient methods of putting drugs into the body
HISTORY OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
II. PREHISTORY & THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD (8500–4000 B.C.)
III. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS (4000 B.C.A.D. 400)
A. Alcohol
B. Opium
C. Cannabis (Marijuana)
D. Mescal Bean, San Pedro & Peyote Cacti (Mescaline) In Mesoamerica
E. Psychedelic Mushrooms in India, Siberia, & Mesoamerica
F. Tobacco & Coca Leaf in Mesoamerica
IV. MIDDLE AGES (400–1400)
A. Psychedelic ―Hexing Herbs‖
B. Psychedelic Mold-Ergot (St. Anthony’s Fire)
C. From Medicine, to Psychoactive Drug, To Poison
D. Alcohol & Distillation
E. Islamic Substitutes for Alcohol
F. Coffee, Tea & Chocolate (Caffeine)
V. RENAISSANCE & THE AGE OF DISCOVERY (1400–1700)
A. Alcohol
B. Coca & the Conquistadors
C. Tobacco Crosses the Oceans
D. Coffee & Tea Consumption Spreads
E. Opium Returns
VI. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT & THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION(1700–
1900)
A. Distilled Liquors & The Gin Epidemic
B. Tobacco, Hemp, & The American Revolution
C. Ether, Nitrous Oxide, Other Anesthetics, & Other Inhalants
D. Opium to Morphine To Heroin
1. Opium Smoking
2. Morphing
3. Hypodermic Needle
4. Heroin
5. Opium Wars
E. From Coca to Cocaine
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F. Temperance & Prohibition Movements
G. Opiates & Cocaine in Patent Medicines & Prescription Drugs
VII. TWENTIETH CENTURY
A. From Pipes & Smokeless Tobacco to Cigarettes
B. Drug Regulation
C. Alcohol Prohibition & Treatment
D. Marijuana: From Ditchweed to Sinsemilla
E. Amphetamines in War & Weight Loss
F. Sports & Drugs
G. Sedative-Hypnotics & Psychiatric Medications
H. LSD & the New Psychedelics
I. Methadone
J. Heroin & Vietnam
K. Preventing & Treating Drug Abuse
L. Cocaine & the Crack Epidemic
VIII. TODAY & TOMORROW
A. Geopolitics of Drugs
1. Heroin
2. Cocaine
B. HIV, AIDS, & Hepatitis C
C. From Club Drugs to Synthetic Drugs
D. Marijuana (Cannabis) & Health
E. Tobacco, Health, & The Law
F. Amphetamine, Methamphetamine & Ecstasy
G. Other Stimulants
H. Prescription Drug Abuse
I. Buprenorphine
J. Alcohol Hangs On
K. Steroids & Sports
L. Behavioral Addictions
M. Court-Referred Treatment
N. Co-Occurring Disorders
IX. CONCLUSIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
X. WHAT IS A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?
A. Definition
B. Chemical, Trade, & Street Names
C. Classification by Effects
XI. MAJOR DRUGS
A. Uppers (Stimulants)
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
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B. Downers (Depressants)
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
C. All Arounders (Psychedelics)
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
XII. OTHER DRUGS & ADDICTIONS
A. Inhalants (Deliriants)
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
B. Anabolic Steroids & Other Sports Drugs
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
C. Psychiatric Medications
D. Compulsive Behaviors
1. Physical Effects
2. Mental/Emotional Effects
XIII. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT OF 1970
4 Chapter 1 – History & Classification © 2011, CNS Productions, Inc.
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