Healthcare Management Exam (Jan 2022), Questions with answers, Rated A+

Healthcare Management Exam (Jan 2022), Questions with answers, Rated A+. define healthcare - quality services to all people when/where they need it what does healthcare require (5)? - 1. Financing mechanisms 2. Well-trained/adequately paid workforce 3. Reliable info to base decisions/policies 4. Well maintained facilities 5. Logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies define health - state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease/infirmity how does the physical environment affect one's health? give an example. - -exposure to toxins, unsafe conditions, injuries due to employment EX: indoor air pollution like formaldehyde and radon exposure (-- leads to lung cancer) how does one's social environment affect health? give examples. - lower socioeconomic status = more health risks EX: CVD, diabetes, asthma, cancer, HIV/AIDS what are the top 10 leading causes of death? - 1. Heart disease 2. Cancer 3. Accidents 4. Chronic lower respiratory disease 5. Stroke 6. Alzheimer's disease 7. Diabetes 8. Flu/Pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis 10. Intentional self-harm (suicide) categories of healthcare - define primary and give examples - eliminates risk factors for a disease EX: use condoms, protect skin from UV light, dietary modifications categories of healthcare - define secondary - early detection of disease so treatment is more effective categories of health care - define tertiary and give examples - focuses on optimum treatment of identified disease to reduce the incidence of later complications EX: rehabilitation and limitation of disability the central focus of healthcare is - - restore health or prevent exacerbation of disease -mainly focuses on secondary + tertiary what are the 6 components of a healthcare system? - 1. Facilities where healthcare is provided 2. Workforce that provides services 3. Supplies/ Therapeutics (medical products) 4. Leadership/ governance 5. Financing mechanisms (ex - Medicare, blue cross) 6. Information systems for performance eval what are examples of: -governmental health care -private, nonprofit health care sectors -private, for-profit health care sectors - -governmental health care: CDC -private, nonprofit health care sectors: LECOM, Allegany healthcare network, UPMC -private, for-profit health care sectors: medical equipment sales, pharmaceuticals what is the general organizational structure/groups (3) in a healthcare system? - 1. Healthcare payers 2. Healthcare providers 3. Healthcare policy makers healthcare systems are evaluated by (3): - 1. Quality of healthcare provided 2. Equity achieved in the provision of healthcare 3. Efficiency with which health care is provided define primary care & give examples - what most people need most of the time for illness (personal treatment + preventative measures) EX: promotion of lifestyle change (exercise plan), immunization, prenatal care, periodic physicals define secondary care & give examples - services available in physicians' offices and community hospitals EX: surgical procedures, diagnostic, treatment interventions using specialists define tertiary care & give examples - highly specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehab services that require staff/equipment beyond the average community EX: open heart surgery, organ transplants, complex chemotherapy, preservation of low birth-weight premature infants what are the 2 main types of US health care facilities? - inpatient and outpatient the most numerous inpatient care hospitals are what type? - acute care community hospitals (nonfederal, short-term general or other special hospital) what are the 4 functional categories of US hospitals - Inpatient Care - 1. General 2. Special 3. Rehabilitation and Chronic Disease 4. Psychiatric 4 Principal types of control ownerships of US Hospitals - Inpatient Care - 1. Government/public nonfederal (state, local, county) 2. Government/public federal 3. Private, non-for profit 4. Private, for-profit hospital classifications - what are the 2 types of medical condition based classifications? - 1. Community Hospitals: nonfederal, short-term general and special hospitals whose facilities/services are open to public 2. Special hospitals: obstetrics and gynecology, eye, ear, nose and throat; rehabilitation, orthopedic hospital classifications - what are the 2 types of length of stay? - Short term stay: 30 days Long term stay: 30 days how else can you classify hospitals? - type of medical condition treated, number of beds, control or ownership, short term or long term, average daily consensus define average length of stay: - Average length = number of inpatient days/number of admissions what is the average daily census? - Average number of people served on an inpatient basis on a single day = number of inpatient days/number of days in reporting period who does the hospital classification? - American Hospital Association (AHA): primary agency that counts and classifies hospitals in the US how much % does hospitals account for spending of US health care? - Hospitals account for LARGEST spending of US health care money (31%) trends for US hospitals: 2018 - most hospitals were (federal/nonfederal)? - nonfederal (96.6%) of the 96.6% nonfederal hospitals - how many % were community? - 87.4% what is the ratio of not-for-profit, for-profit, and state/local gov owned for community hospitals? - largest - not for profit smallest - state and local gov owned 57.3% not-for-profit 24.0% for-profit 18.7% state or local gov owned over trend since 1990 in hospitals there has been a (increase/decrease) in number of hospitals and beds: - decrease 1990: 1.2 million beds in 6,649 hospitals 2000: 983,628 beds in 5,810 hospitals 2010: 941,955 beds in 5,754 hospitals 2019: 919,955 beds in 6,090 hospitals why are hospitals affiliating with each other (reduction in # of beds and hospitals related)? - to remain financially viable the reduction of beds/hospitals is due to: (4) - 1. Shifts in location of care 2. Higher fixed costs for staff, facilities, etc. 3. Increasing difficulty in hiring/retaining staff in rural areas 4. Increasing economies of scale what type (think location) of hospitals that are closing due to aging, poor, and shrinking populations? - rural hospitals what is the general structure of hospitals? - complex with a variety of operating divisions (administration, medical, nursing, other diagnostic and therapeutic support) what are examples of outpatient care? - ER, clinics, ambulatory surgery units administration of the hospital is responsible for: - Finance, personnel, provision of services (housekeeping, laundry, dietary), community/public relations, fundraising hospital medical divisions (4) - give examples of each - 1. By specialty: (Internal med, Surgery, Pedes, etc.) 2. By organ systems: (Ophthalmology, Urology, Ortho, etc.) 3. Diagnostic imaging and therapy (Radiology)