In this summary, a formulation of answers to the weekly learning goals is given by combining the lecture notes and the weekly reading material. Additionally, an overview of the key terms, models, and theories mentioned throughout the course is included.
For this course, I obtained an 8 as an ex...
Is believed that focus is constantly enhancing common ground. Utterances are formulated in such
a way that others can understand it/comprehend it.
a. Regulated by four maxims; quantity (informative), quality (honest), relation (relevant),
manner (clear) guidelines for constructing inferences.
b. Violations: not adhering to maxims (not being cooperative). Violations allow/guide
inferences (of what is meant).
i. Conversational implicature; (a difference between) what is said and what is
intended to be understood.
ii. Maybe even on purpose (recognizing the difference between what is said and
what needs to be understood), thus implying something else flouting.
CP = the more common ground is present, the less extra information needs to be expressed.
Often violated common ground constrains language processing; also due to salience, clutter,
and cognitive load. Over specification can
a. influence comprehension
b. could require more processing effort.
c. Trigger (unintended) implicatures
d. On the contrary: it can also facilitate (the visual efficiency hypothesis)
Curse of knowledge another reason why people might not always be cooperative. Saliences
can bias us. Own knowledge is hard to inhibit (theory of ironic processing).
, 3. Egocentric Anchoring, Monitoring, and Adjustment (cognitive Keysar)
we have shown that the basic egocentric tendency persists through adulthood (Keysar)
We found that the initial process of interpretation (automatic default; is the first gaze of object
interpretation) is identical for children and adults. Children were much less effective in this
recovery than adults (Keysar)
people have an egocentric tendency to both thinking about other’s beliefs and in interpreting
what they say
Though adults perform better than children, they still show a surprising disregard for the
perspective of the other.
There are at least two reasons for this phenomenon: (1) one’s own perspective is dominant and
provides a compelling interpretation of what others say (privileged ground first), (2) and the
consideration of other’s beliefs is not automatic it is effortful and required cognitive
resources; time pressure & cognitive load increase this bias!
It is the first thing that is affected by the lack of mental resources. In contrast, egocentric
interpretations are robust and less vulnerable to fluctuations in working memory and resources.
The assumption of cooperativeness in comprehension depends on assessing the mental state of
the speaker.
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