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Summary Women - OCR A Level History Civil Rights in the USA $8.63   Add to cart

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Summary Women - OCR A Level History Civil Rights in the USA

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These notes cover all of Women for OCR A Level History for the unit Civil Rights in the USA

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  • April 29, 2023
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  • 2021/2022
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Women Revision:
 Cult of domesticity = hallowed view of the home and the apparent angelic nature of women
and their supposed natural affinity for domesticity.
 Separate spheres = the traditional separate role and duties of men and women.

The Gilded Age:
 The growth of industrialisation and improved transport during this period meant that
more work was done outside the family home.
 The progress of women’s rights was also subject to economic fluctuations, for
example, the first major temperance movement coincided with an economic slump.
 In the Gilded Age, some working-class women needed to work to provide for their
families.
 Immigrant women differed from the supposed ideal view of women.
 Between 1870-1900, the presence of women in the workforce trebled to 17%.
 The creation of the typewriter and the expansion of the telephone created a women
dominated sphere of work.
 Secretarial works was seen as more respectable and was pre-marriage work for
white middle-class women.
 Department stores opened up employment for women – stereotype of women being
sociable.
 Rise in women going into teaching and nursing – nurturing/maternal stereotype.
 Most women were expected to give up work after “achieving the goal of marriage”.
 The 1862 Homestead Act brought a new experience that differed geographically.
 No laws existed to protect women and provide rights in the workplace.
 Seeing African Americans gain legal rights made women feel they deserved the
same.
Area of Life: Evidence of Improvement: Evidence of Lack of Change:
 1900 = 8.6 million employed  Plant paid women $1.56 a
women; 1880 = 2.6 million week and paid men $7-10.
employed women.  Medicine a law difficult to
Work and  Half of women graduates access.
Employment were delaying marriage in  Sex discrimination pervaded
pursuit of a career. the clerical sector.
 By 1920, half of clerical  Women not given the
workers were women (4% in responsibility of handling
1880) money.
 Women’s social clubs  Men feared women stealing
developed and expanded. their jobs and risked pay
 Cycling became a popular decreases.
Society activity and rejected the idea  Education seen as a stepping
that women shouldn’t sweat. stone to being a housewife.
 Department stores a social  The home was idealised for
club for the affluent. women as “their sphere”.
 Women dominated the  Unions (e.g. AFL) rejected
Telephone Operator’s women.
Department of the  No laws protected rights in

, Union Rights International Brotherhood of the workplace.
Electrical Workers.  Governments still anti-union.
 Women union membership  Fewer than 2% of working
grew in the 1910s. women belonged to trade
 WTUL founded 1903. unions.
 By 1900, half of all high  Women’s colleges reinforced
school graduates were prevailing concepts of
women. femininity.
Education  1880 = 30% colleges admit  Many regarded a good
women. education as merely a stage
 1900 = 71% colleges admit in preparing for marriage
women. and motherhood.
 Divorce rate in 1880 was 1 in  Women were still expected
20 and was 1 in 12 by 1900. to look after the children
Family  Many began to believe that independently.
women should be  Many women still remained
economically dependent committed to fulfilling the
within and outside marriage. supportive role in the family.
Organisation: Campaign: Evidence of Success: Evidence of Failure:
-Addams established the -By 1895, 50 similar -Doesn’t advocate
Hull House in Chicago 1889 settlement houses could against separate spheres
Jane Addams -A social centre to support be found across the could -Didn’t bridge the gap
and Hull House the settlement of newly be found across the between immigrants and
arrived immigrants country. born Americans
-Break language barrier -Allowed educated -Not pushing a political
and find jobs. women to work in reform voice
-The WCTU undertook -Successfully closed saloon -Illinois failed petition
Women’s active protest such as their and liquor outlet in Ohio -Continuation of
Christian participation in the after thousands of women separate spheres
Temperance Women’s Crusade of 1873. took to the streets. -Centrality of family and
Union -Believed drunkenness was -7000 branches by 1900 home.
a threat. and 150,000 members
-Established in 1899 -NCL under Florence -Limited to white
National -Improvement in wages for Kelley had a huge impact working-class women.
Consumers clerks -Meat Inspection Act 1904 -Achievements more
League -Recognition of women’s -Muller v. Oregon 1908 post-1900
rights in work
National -Focus was acquisition of -50,000 members 1915 -Indicative of fragmented
Association of the vote and anti-lynching -300,000 members 1918 nature of women’s
Coloured (Ida B. Wells) -Overtly political movement.
Women -1896


 In 1871/1872 Susan B. Anthony (WCTU) was fined after attempting to vote.
 8 states gave women the right to vote by 1890.
 1875 Virginia Minor sued Missouri and SCOTUS ruled individual states could decide
on women’s voting rights.

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