Volledige samenvatting voor deeltentamen 2 (vanaf week 4) voor het vak Tweede-taalontwikkeling aan de Universiteit Utrecht.
De stof omvat het boek Hummel: Introducing second language acquisition H6 t/m 9 en de artikelen van Schmitt (2008) en Birdsong (2006).
Ook zijn alle colleges samengevat
Week 4
Hummel H6: tweede taalontwikkeling
Veelvoorkomende processen/invloeden
Transfer = the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language
and any other language that has been previously (and perhaps imperfectly) acquired.
Dit kan over alle gebieden van taal gaan (dus bijvoorbeeld ook over pragmatica).
(begrip vooral belangrijk in contrastive analysis approach).
Er bestaat zowel positieve als negatieve transfer. Mate van transfer hangt af van gelijkheid tussen
talen, hoe ver een leerder is in het proces van het leren van L2 en de literacy in L1. Hoe meer
gelijkheid tussen de talen, hoe meer transfer, maar ook hoe sneller de taal/grammatica opgepikt
wordt, maar dit geldt niet voor alle taalaspecten.
Overgeneralization (is een developmental error) = the learner’s tendency to over apply rules of the
target language where they are not warranted
Markedness = the notion that certain features are more natural, frequent, or basic than others across
languages (ongemarkeerd), while others are less so (gemarkeerd) (bv stemhebbend is gemarkeerd,
stemloos is ongemarkeerd).
Markedness Differential Hypothesis (MDH) (Eckman) = this hypothesis proposes that, in general, if a
given language contains a marked structure, it is likely to contain the unmarked equivalent as well.
Het is voor een L2 leerder makkelijker om het ongemarkeerde te leren dan het gemarkeerde.
Deelhypothesen:
- Those areas of the target language which differ from the native language and are more
marked (dus minder veelvoorkomend) than the native language will be difficult.
- The relative degree of difficulty of the areas of the target language which are more marked
than the native language will correspond to the relative degree of markedness.
- Those areas of the target language which are different from the native language, but are not
more marked than the native language will not be difficult.
Dit is dus een aanvulling op de contrastive analysis.
Developmental sequences = Fixed series of stages in language development (phonological, syntactic,
semantic), such as the sequence for developing negation.
The Cancino et al. study, along with others carried out since, reveals that identifiable developmental
sequences appear to underlie L2 development regardless of the learner’s L1, although the L1 does
exert some effect.
Formalaic sequences = bepaalde standaardzinnen / delen van zinnen. Definitie: A sequence,
continuous or discontinuous, of words or other meaning elements, which is, or appears to be,
prefabricated: that is stored and retrieved whole from the memory at the time of use, rather than
being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar.
Deze units worden gebruikt om het leren te vergemakkelijken. Deze units kunnen complexer zijn dan
je verwacht op basis van competence in grammatica.
De lexicale benadering besteed veel aandacht aan het leren van woorden en formalaic sequences en
minder aan grammatica.
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