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Samenvatting van het boek: anatomie en fysiologie van de mens, 6e editie. 9789043035873
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Samenvatting van het boek: anatomie en fysiologie van de mens. Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 10 en 13 6e editie ISBN: 5873
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Samenvattingen boek Anatomie en fysiologie van de mens (Grégoire):H1 Terreinverkenning (periode 1): .......................................................................................................... 3
H2 Cellen (periode 1): ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1: Metabolisme: ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Verbranding: ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Energie: ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Enzymen: ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2: Bouw van de cel: .................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1: De celmembraan: ............................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.2: Transport via de celmembraan: ...................................................................................................................... 5
Passief transport: .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Actief transport: .................................................................................................................................................... 6
H3 Weefsels (periode 1): ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 Epitheel: .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.1 Eenlagig epitheel: ............................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.2 Meerlagig epitheel: .......................................................................................................................................... 8
H4 Topografie (periode 1): ...................................................................................................................... 9
H5 Orgaanstelsels (periode 1): .............................................................................................................. 11
H6 Circulatiestelsel (periode 1): ............................................................................................................ 12
6.8 Lymfevatenstelsel: ................................................................................................................................................ 16
6.8.1 Lymfe en lymfevaten:..................................................................................................................................... 16
6.8.2 Lymfoïde organen: ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Lymfeknopen: ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Waldeyerring:...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Peyerplaques:...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Thymus: ............................................................................................................................................................... 17
Milt: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.9 Immuniteit: ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.9.1 Niet-specifieke immuniteit: ........................................................................................................................... 18
Fysieke barrière:.................................................................................................................................................. 18
Inwendige niet-specifieke immuniteit: ............................................................................................................... 18
6.9.2 Specifieke immuniteit: ................................................................................................................................... 19
Vorming van lymfocyten: .................................................................................................................................... 19
6.10 Bloedgroepen:..................................................................................................................................................... 20
H7 Spijsverteringsstelsel (periode 3): .................................................................................................... 21
7.1 Voedingsstoffen: ................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.1.1 Koolhydraten:................................................................................................................................................. 21
Afbraak van koolhydraten:.................................................................................................................................. 22
, 7.1.2 Lipiden: ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
Afbraak van lipiden: ............................................................................................................................................ 22
7.1.3 Eiwitten: ......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Afbraak van eiwitten: .......................................................................................................................................... 23
7.1.4 Mineralen: ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
7.1.5 Vitaminen: ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
7.1.6 Water: ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
7.2 Spijsverteringskanaal: ........................................................................................................................................... 24
7.2.1 Algemene bouw van de wand:....................................................................................................................... 24
7.2.2 Mondholte: .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Begrenzing van de mondholte: ........................................................................................................................... 26
Voedselbewerking in de mondholte: .................................................................................................................. 26
H8 Urinewegstelsel (periode 1): ............................................................................................................ 26
8.1 Nieren:................................................................................................................................................................... 26
8.1.1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26
8.1.2 Doorbloeding van de nier: ............................................................................................................................. 27
8.1.3 Het nefron: ..................................................................................................................................................... 27
8.1.4 Werking van de nier: ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Ultrafiltratie: ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Terugresorptie: ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Excretie: .............................................................................................................................................................. 29
8.1.5 Regeling van de water- en zoutenuitscheiding: ............................................................................................. 29
Antidiuretisch hormoon: ..................................................................................................................................... 29
RAAS: ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Natriuretische peptiden: ..................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1.6 Regeling van de zuurgraad: ............................................................................................................................ 30
8.1.7 Aanmaak van erytrocyten: ............................................................................................................................. 31
8.2 Urine:..................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.3 Transport, opslag en verwijdering van urine: ....................................................................................................... 31
8.3.1 Urineleiders: ................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.3.2 Urineblaas: ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.3.3 Urinebuis: ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.4 Mictie: ................................................................................................................................................................... 32
H9 Ademhalingsstelsel (periode 1): ....................................................................................................... 33
9.1 Luchtwegen: .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1.1 Neusholte: ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Bouw van de neusholte: ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Functies van de neusholte: ..................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1.2 Mondholte: .................................................................................................................................................... 34
, 9.1.3: Keelholte: ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.1.4 Strottenhoofd: ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Stembanden en stemvorming:............................................................................................................................ 35
9.1.5 Luchtpijp en hoofdbronchiën:........................................................................................................................ 35
9.1.6 Bronchiën en bronchiolen:............................................................................................................................. 35
9.1.7 Longblaasjes: .................................................................................................................................................. 36
9.1.8 Longvlies:........................................................................................................................................................ 36
9.1.9 Doorbloeding van de longen: ......................................................................................................................... 36
9.2 Gaswisseling: ......................................................................................................................................................... 37
9.2.1 In longblaasjes:............................................................................................................................................... 37
9.2.2 In de weefsels: ............................................................................................................................................... 37
9.3 Ademhalingsbewegingen: ..................................................................................................................................... 37
9.3.1 Inspiratie: ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
9.3.2 Expiratie: ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
9.3.3 Regulatie van de ademhaling: ........................................................................................................................ 38
Onderbrekingen van het ademritme: ................................................................................................................. 39
9.4 Longfunctie: .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
9.4.1 Longfunctiegrootheden: ................................................................................................................................ 39
9.4.2 Ademhalingsfrequentie: ................................................................................................................................ 40
9.4.3 Dode ruimte: .................................................................................................................................................. 40
9.4.4 Gasanalyse: .................................................................................................................................................... 40
H10 De huid (periode 4): ....................................................................................................................... 40
H13 Sensorisch stelsel (periode 2): ........................................................................................................ 40
Inleiding:...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
13.1 Sensoren: ............................................................................................................................................................ 40
13.1.1 Indeling van de sensoren: ............................................................................................................................ 41
Op basis van de prikkelherkomst: ....................................................................................................................... 41
Op basis van de prikkelsoort: .............................................................................................................................. 41
13.1.2 Algemene kenmerken: ................................................................................................................................. 41
Uniforme vertaling van prikkels in impulsen: ..................................................................................................... 42
Specifieke gevoeligheid:...................................................................................................................................... 42
Specifieke gewaarwording: ................................................................................................................................. 42
Specifiek bereik: .................................................................................................................................................. 42
Adaptie: ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
Discriminatievermogen: ...................................................................................................................................... 42
13.5 Gezichtszintuig: ................................................................................................................................................... 42
H1 Terreinverkenning (periode 1):
Holistische benadering = gerichtheid op het totaal (psychisch, somatisch en sociaal).
, H2 Cellen (periode 1):
2.1: Metabolisme:
Metabolisme = stofwisseling = alle biochemische reacties die in cellen kunnen optreden.
➔ Anabole reacties: kleine moleculen worden samengevoegd tot grotere = assimilatie --> kost
energie --> moleculen voor groei, onderhoud en reparatie van weefsels.
➔ Katabole reacties: grotere moleculen worden afgebroken tot kleinere = dissimilatie --> geeft
energie --> energie gebruikt voor assimilatie, beweging en warmteproductie.
Verbranding:
Verbranding (afbraakreactie): energierijke stof (brandstof) + zuurstof → energie + afvalstoffen: o.a. water +
koolstofdioxide
Verbranding met zuurstof = aerobe dissimilatie.
Anaerobe dissimilatie = afbraak van energierijke stoffen zonder zuurstof
Celademhaling = verbranding in de cel. Doel: energie vrijmaken voor activiteiten. Brandstof: glucose.
Verbranding van glucose: Glucose + zuurstof → energie + water + koolstofdioxide
Verbranding van vetten: Vetten + zuurstof → energie + water + koolstofdioxide + afvalstoffen
Verbranding zonder zuurstof (anaerobe dissimilatie): Glucose → energie + melkzuur + water
Anaerobe dissimilatie gebeurt o.a. in spieren.
Melkzuur is organische giftige stof → zorgt voor spierkramp, -pijn.
Energie:
Adenosinedifosfaat (ADP) = de stof die energie kan ‘opladen’. Heeft 2 fosfaatmoleculen.
Adenosinetrifosfaat (ATP) = heeft 3 fosfaatmoleculen. En levert energie voor de cellen.
3e fosfaatbinding = energierijke verbinding. → wordt losgekoppeld wanneer in cel energie nodig is.
Vorming van adenosinetrifosfaat: ADP + P (fosfaat) + energie → ATP
Vrijmaken van energie uit ATP-moleculen: ATP → ADP + P + energie
Enzymen:
Biochemische reacties in cellen vinden plaats m.b.v. reactieversnellers (enzymen).
Kenmerken enzymen:
- Altijd eiwitten
- Worden door lichaam zelf gemaakt
- Kunnen biochemische reacties razendsnel laten verlopen
- Reactiespecifiek: elke reactie eigen enzym
- Temperatuurspecifiek: elk enzym heeft optimumtemperatuur = werkt het beste bij bepaalde
temperatuur
- Zuurgraadspecifiek: elk enzym werkt optimaal bij bepaalde zuurgraad (pH)
- Worden zelf niet verbruikt of chemisch veranderd bij de reacties die ze beïnvloeden
- Hebben in veel gevallen een bepaalde stof nodig die helpt reactie goed te laten verlopen = co-
enzym.
- Worden meestal genoemd naar de stof die ze splitsen of naar reactie die ze beïnvloeden. Enzym
heeft vaak uitgang -ase
2.2: Bouw van de cel:
Cel is gevuld met cytoplasma (protoplasma): vocht dat bestaat uit water waarin eiwitten, koolhydraten,
vetten en zouten zijn opgelost = cytosol.
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