I achieved a high A* Grade in my final A-Level exams using these notes!!!
I believe you can achieve an A* if you can memorise these notes! Simply use blurting, a method of active recall, to write everything you remember from the notes, then identify the parts you couldn’t remember, then repeat ...
a. Joints: where bones meet
immovable / sutures: bones grow together & fuse – cranium (moves during birth to fit out)
movable
gliding: any direction – vertebrae / ankle / wrist
hinge: one plane – knees / elbows
ball and socket: more than one plane – hip / shoulder
b. osteoarthritis – degenerative condition: articular cartilage broken down faster than replaced
cause: changes in collagen & glycoprotein
increase risk:
- age
- overweight – more strain on joints
- repeated vigorous flexing
- joint damage
- no genetic link
result: inflammation & swelling = pain & stiffness
- damaged/reduced cartilage: Increased friction between bones = spurs – limit movement
treatment: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs / structured exercise / joint replacement
o Relief from long term pain o Surgical risks – increased blood clot / infection
o Reduced drug intake o Long recovery period
o Increased mobility o Increased dislocation risk
o Restore normal activity & quality of life o Time limit – increased risk with 2nd replacement
c. rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune disorder:
immune system recognises joint tissue proteins as antigens – attacks bone & cartilage
increase risk: smoke / red meat / coffee / genetic
symptom: severe inflammation from increased blood flow & restricted movement (swelling & pain)
treatment: physiotherapy & NSAIDs & surgery
d. joints
1st order – seesaw 2nd order – wheelbarrow 3rd order – tweezers
middle = pivot middle = load middle = effort
force magnifier distance magnifier
tilting head standing on tiptoes biceps
o Fulcrum: where atlas o Fulcrum: toes o Fulcrum: elbow
meets skull o Load: body o Load: hand
o Load: skull o Effort: calf muscles o Effort: bicep muscles
o Effort: neck muscles
e. synovial joint
cartilage on articular surfaces – reduce friction
joint capsule + ligament (strong & flexible) – hold bones together
synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid (lubricant & shock absorber) into synovial cavity
f. antagonistic muscles: pairs coordinate movement at joints – 1 contract & 1 relax
flexor (bend) & extensor (straighten)
Elbow:
- bicep: flexor – pulls radius = bend
- tricep: extensor – pulls ulna = straighten
tendons: strong connections between muscle & bone
86% collagen fibres – arranged in parallel
no elastic fibres: don’t stretch = ensures all movement of muscle passed to bone
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller tnotes. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.59. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
