Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 5-1-1 Complete Solution Manual and Instructor Resource for Intermediate Accounting, 18th Edition 18th Edition, by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. Weygandt and Terry D. Warfield. ISBN -13 978 -1119790976 Chapter 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards Assignment Classification Table (By Topic) Topics Questions Brief Exercises Exercises Critical Thinking 1. Environment of accounting, principles, objectives, standards, accounting theory. 1,2, 3,4 1 1 1 2. Authoritative pronouncements and rule-making bodies. 5,6, 7,8 2 2 2 3. Conceptual framework - general, objective of financial reporting. 9, 10 3 3,4 4. Qualitative characteristics of accounting. 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16,17 3,4, 5, 6, 7 4,5,6 5, 10 5. Elements of financial statements. 18, 19 8, 9 7 6. Basic assumptions and principles. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 7. Cost constraint. 32,33, 34 8. Role of pressure groups. 35, 36 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 9. Ethical issues. 37, 38,39,40 13 5-1-2 Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) Assignment Classification Table (By Learning Objective) Learning Objectives Questions Brief Exercises Exercises Critical Thinking 1. Describe the financial reporting environment, major standard -
setting bodies, and the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 1, 2 1, 2 1 2. Describe the components and usefulness of the conceptual framework. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 3, 5, 6, 7, 8,9 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 2,3,4, 5, 10 3. Discuss the basic assumptions and principles of accounting. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 4. Identify the major challenges in the financial reporting environment. 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40 2 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 Assignment Characteristics Table (Time on Task) Item Description Level of Difficulty Time (minutes) E1.1 Need for GAAP. Simple 15-20 E1.2 Financial reporting and accounting standards. Simple 15-20 E1.3 Usefulness, objective of financial reporting. Simple 15-20 E1.4 Usefulness, objective of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics. Simple 15-20 E1.5 Qualitative characteristics. Moderate 20-30 E1.6 Qualitative characteristics. Simple 15-20 E1.7 Elements of financial statements. Simple 15-20 E1.8 Assumptions, principles, and constraint. Simple 15-20 E1.9 Assumptions, principles, and constraint. Moderate 20-25 E1.10 Full disclosure principle. Complex 20-25 E1.11 Accounting principles and assumptions -
comprehensive. Moderate 20-25 E1.12 Accounting principles -comprehensive. Moderate 20-25 CT1.1 Securities and Exchange Commission. Moderate 30-40 CT1.2 Conceptual framework -general. Simple 20-25 CT1.3 Conceptual framework -general. Simple 25-35 CT1.4 Objective of financial reporting. Moderate 25-35 CT1.5 Qualitative characteristics. Moderate 30-35 Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 5-1-3 CT1.6 Revenue recognition principle. Complex 25-30 CT1.7 Expense recognition principle. Complex 20-25 CT1.8 Expense recognition principle. Moderate 20-25 CT1.9 Expense recognition principle. Moderate 20-30 CT1.10 Qualitative characteristics. Moderate 20-30 CT1.11 Expense recognition principle. Moderate 20-25 CT1.12 Cost Constraint. Moderate 30-35 CT1.13 Rule-making Issues. Complex 20-25 CT1.1 4 Models for setting GAAP. Simple 15-20 CT1.1 5 Economic consequences. Moderate 25-35 CT1.1 6 GAAP and economic consequences. Moderate 25-35 Answers to Questions 1. If a company ‘s financial performance is measured accurately, fairly, and on a timely basis, the right managers and companies can attract investment capital. Unreliable and irrelevant information leads to poor capital allocation , which adversely affects t he efficiency of the securities market. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 1-3, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 2. The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential equity investors, lenders, and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity through equity investments and loans or other forms of credit. Information that is decision -useful to capital providers (investors) may also be useful to other users of financial reporting who are not investors. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3 -5, AACSB: Communication , AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Decision Making 3. Investors are interested in financial reporting because it provides information that is useful for making decisions (referred to as the decision -usefulness approach). When making these decisions, investors are interested in assessing the company‘s (1) ability to generate net cash inflows and (2) management‘s ability to protect and enhance the capital providers‘ investments. Financial reporting should therefo re help investors assess the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of prospective cash inflows from dividends or interest, and the proceeds from the sale, redemption, or maturity of securities or loans. For investors to make these assessments, the economic resources of an enterprise, the claims to those resources, and the changes in them must be understood. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3 -5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Decision Making 4. A common set of financial accounting and reporting standards applied by all businesses and entities should produce financial statements which are reasonably comparable. Without a common set of standards, each enterprise could, and would, develop a theory structure and set of practices, resulting in noncomparability among the financial statements of enterprises. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3 -5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 5. The SEC has the power to prescribe, in whatever detail it desires, the accounting practices and principles to be employed by companies that fall within its jurisdiction. Because the SEC receives audited financial statements from nearly all companies that issue securities to the pu blic or are listed on stock exchanges, it is greatly interested in the content, accuracy, and credibility of the statements. For many years , the SEC relied on the AICPA to regulate the profession and develop and enforce accounting principles. Lately, the S EC has assumed a more active role in the development of 5-1-4 Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) accounting standards, especially in the area of disclosure requirements. In December 1973, in ASR No. 150, the SEC said the FASB ‘s statements would be presumed to carry substantial authoritative suppo rt and anything contrary to them to lack such support. It thereby supports the development of accounting principles in the private sector. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3 -5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 6. The explanation should note that generally accepted accounting principles or standards have ―substantial authoritative support.‖ They consist of accounting practices, procedures, concepts, and methods that are recognized by a large major ity of practicing accountants as well as other members of the business and financial community. Statements issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board constitute ―substantial authoritative support.‖ LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, 5 -10, AACSB : Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication Questions Chapter 1 (Continued) 7. The FASB Accounting Standards Codification (Codification) is a compilation of all GAAP in one place. Its purpose is to integrate and synthesize existing GAAP , not to create new GAAP. It creates one level of GAAP which is considered authoritative. The FASB Codification Research Systems (CRS) is an online real-time database that provides easy access to the Codification. The Codification and the related CRS provide a topically organized structure that is subdivided into topic s, subtopics, sections, and paragraphs. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 5 -7, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 8. It is hoped that the Codification will help users to better understand what GAAP is. If this occurs, companies will be more likely to comply with GAAP and the time to research accounting issues will be substantially reduced. In addition, through the electronic web -based format, GAAP can be easily updated which will help users stay current. LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3 -5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 9. A conceptual framework is a coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentals that can lead to consistent standards and that prescribes the nature, function, and limits of financial accoun t-
ing and financial statements. A conceptual framework is necessary for financial accounting for the following reasons: (1) It enables the FASB to issue more useful and consistent standards in the future. (2) New issues will be more quickly solvable by reference to an existing framework of basic theory . (3) It increases financial statement users‘ understanding of and confidence in financial reporting . (4) It enhances comparability among companies‘ financial statements. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 10. The objective of financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to present and potential equity investors, lenders, and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 11. ―Qualitative characteristics of accounting information‖ are those characteristics that contribute to the quality or value of the information. The overriding qualitative characteristic of accounting infor -
mation is usefulness for decision -making. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 12. Relevance and faithful representation are the two fundamental qualities of useful accounting information. For information to be relevant, it should be capable of making a difference in a decision by helping users to form predictions about the outcomes of past, present, and future events or to Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 5-1-5 confirm or correct expectations. Faithful representation rests on whether the numbers and descriptions match wha t really existed or happened. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication Questions Chapter 1 (Continued) 13. The concept of materiality refers to the relative significance of an amount, activity, or item to informative disclosure, proper presentation of financial position, and the results of operations. Materiality has qualitative and quantitative aspects; both the nature of the item and its relative size enter into its evaluation. An accounting misstatement is said to be material if knowledge of the misstatement could affect the decisions of the average informed reader of the financial statements. Financial statements are misleading if they omit a material fac t or include so many immaterial matters as to be confusing. In the examination, the auditor concentrates efforts in proportion to degrees of materiality and relative risk and disregards immaterial items. The relevant criteria for assessing materiality wi ll depend upon the circumstances and the nature of the item and will vary greatly among companies. For example, an error in current assets or current liabilities will be more important for a company with a flow of funds problem than for one with adequate w orking capital. The effect upon net income (or earnings per share) is the most commonly used measure of materiality. This reflects the prime importance attached to net income by investors and other users of the statements. The effects upon assets and equ ities are also important , as are misstatements of individual accounts and subtotals included in the financial statements. The FASB defines materiality to be consistent with the legal concept of materiality, as established in the securities laws. Specifical ly, information is material ―if there is a substantial likelihood that the omitted or misstated item would have been viewed by a reasonable resource provider as having significantly altered the total mix of information.‖ There are no rigid standards or guidelines for assessing materiality. The lower bound of materiality has been variously estimated at 5% of net income, but the determination will vary based upon the individual case and might not fall within these limits. Ce rtain items, such as a questionable loan to a company officer, may be considered material even when minor amounts are involved. In contrast, a large misclassification among expense accounts may not be deemed material if there is no misstatement of net inco me. LO: 2, Bloom: C, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Decision Making 14. The e nhancing characteristics are comparability, verifiability, timeliness, and understandability. Enhancing qualities are qualitative characteristics that are complementary to the fundamental qualitative characteristics. These characteristics distinguish more useful information from less useful information. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 15. In providing information to users of financial statements, the FASB relies on general -purpose financial statements. The intent of such statements is to provide th e most useful information possible at minimal cost to various user groups. Underlying these objectives is the notion that a user needs a reasonable knowledge of business and financial accounting matters to understand the information contained in financial statements. This point is important. It means that in the preparation of financial statements, a level of reasonable competence for the user can be assumed; this has an impact on the way and the extent to which information is reported. LO: 2, Bloom: C, D ifficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 5-1-6 Copyright © 20 22 WILEY Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 18/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 16. Comparability facilitates comparisons between information about two different enterprises at a particular point in time. Consistency, a type of comparability, facilitates comparisons between information about the same enterprise at two different points in time. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA P C: Communication Questions Chapter 1 (Continued) 17. The accounting literature contains many terms that have specific meanings. Some of these terms have been in use for a long time , and their meanings have changed over time. Since the elements of financial statements are the building blocks with which the statements are constructed, it is necessary to develop a basic definitional framework for them. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 18. Distributions to owners differ from expenses and losses in that they represent transfers to owners, and they do not arise from activities intended to produce income. Expenses differ from losses in that they arise from t he entity‘s ongoing major or central operations. Losses arise from peripheral or incidental transactions. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 19. Investments by owners differ from revenues and gains in that they represent transfers by owners to the entity, and they do not arise from activities intended to produce income. Revenues differ from gains in that they arise from the entity‘s ongoing major o r central operations. Gains arise from peripheral or incidental transactions. LO: 2, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None 20. The four basic assumptions that underlie the finan cial accounting structure are: (1) The economic entity assumption. (2) The going concern assumption. (3) The monetary unit assumption. (4) The periodicity assumption. LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication 21. (a) In accounting, it is generally agreed that any measures of the success of an enterprise for periods less than its total life are at best provisional and subject to correction. Measurement of progress and status for arbitrary time periods is a practical necessity to serve those who must make decisions. It is not the result of postulating specific time periods as measurable segments of total life. (b) The practice of periodic measurement has led to man y of the most difficult accounting prob -
lems , such as inventory pricing, depreciation of long -term assets, and the necessity for revenue recognition tests. The accrual system calls for associating related revenues and expenses. This becomes difficult for a n arbitrary time period with incomplete transactions in process at both the beginning and the end of the period. Many accounting practices such as adjusting entries or the reporting of corrections of prior periods result directly from efforts to make each period‘s calculations as accurate as possible and yet recognizing that they are only provisional. LO: 3, Bloom: C, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None 22. The monetary unit assumption assumes that the unit of measure (the dollar) remains reasonably stable so that dollars of different years can be added without any adjustment. When the value of the dollar fluctuates greatly over time, the monetary unit assumption loses its va lidity. The FASB in Concept No. 5 indicated that it expects the dollar unadjusted for inflation or deflation to be used to measure items recognized in financial statements. Only if circumstances change dramatically will the FASB consider a more stable me asurement unit. LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BC: None, AICPA AC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
