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Summary All Mechanisms You Need to Know for A-Level Chemistry
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This document includes all the reagents, conditions and mechanisms that you need to know to pass the A-Level chemistry exams.
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Reaction Mechanism Reagents ConditionsAlkane Halogenoalkane Free radical substitution Br2/Cl2 UV light
Aldehyde/Ketone Hydroxynitrile Nucleophilic addition KCN (aq), H2SO4
Aldehyde/Ketone Alcohol Nucleophilic addition/reduction WRITE THIS
Nitrile Primary Amine Reduction LiAlH4, dry ether +
dilute H2SO4
Dihalogenoalkane Diol Nucleophilic substitution KOH (aq) Heat, reflux
Halogenoalkane Alcohol Nucleophilic substitution Warm NaOH (aq) Reflux
Halogenoalkane Primary amine Nucleophilic substitution WRITE THIS Heat
Halogenoalkane Nitrile Nucleophilic substitution KCN (aq) in ethanol Reflux
Primary amine secondary, tertiary amine + Nucleophilic substitution Halogenoalkane Heat
quaternary salt
Alkene Dihalogenoalkane Electrophilic addition Br2/Cl2
Alkene Halogenoalkane Electrophilic addition HBr/HCl
Alkene Alcohol 1) Electrophilic addition/hydration 1) H3PO4 Steam, 300c,
2) Electrophilic addition/hydrolysis 2) H2O, H2SO4 60atm
Ester Carboxylic acid 1) Acid Hydrolysis 1) Dilute H2SO4, H2O 1) Reflux
2) Base Hydrolysis 2) Dilute NaOH (aq) 2) Reflux
Halogenoalkane Alkene Elimination KOH, warm ethanol Reflux
Alcohol Alkene Elimination/dehydration Conc H2SO4
Acyl chloride/acid anhydride Ester Nucleophilic addition/elimination Alcohol
Acyl chloride/acid anhydride Carboxylic acid Nucleophilic addition/elimination H2O
Acyl chloride/acid anhydride Primary amide Nucleophilic addition/elimination NH3
Primary amine Secondary amide Nucleophilic addition/elimination Acyl chloride
Acyl chlorine/acid anhydride N-substituted Nucleophilic addition/elimination Primary amine
amide
Alcohol Ester Esterification Carboxylic acid, conc Heat
H2SO4
Carboxylic acid Ester Esterification Alcohol, conc H2SO4 Heat
Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Oxidation K2Cr2O7, H2SO4 Reflux
Alcohol Carboxylic acid Oxidation K2Cr2O7, H2CO4 Distillation
Alcohol Aldehyde Partial oxidation K2Cr2O7 Reflux
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