Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
What is enantiomers ?
Answer: Enantiomers are a type of stereoisomers, which means they have the same chemical formula and bond structure but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement. Specifically, enantiomers are mirror images of each other, meaning they cannot be superimposed onto each other even if rotated. To visualize this, think of your left and right hands. They have the same basic structure but are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed. Enantiomers in chemistry are similar in that they have the same atoms and bonds, but differ in how those atoms are arranged in three-dimensional space.
2.
Define chirality?
Answer: Chirality refers to the property of an object or molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image. In other words, it is the quality of having a non-superimposable mirror image. Objects or molecules that exhibit chirality are called chiral.
3.
What are allenes ? With Eg.
Answer: Allenes are a class of organic molecules that contain two adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds. The double bonds are oriented in such a way that they are perpendicular to each other, with the carbon atoms in the middle. This unique structure gives allenes distinctive chemical and physical properties. One example of an allene is propadiene (also known as allene), which has the chemical formula H2C=C=CH2. In propadiene, the two double bonds are at a 90-degree angle to each other, with the central carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and two other carbon atoms. Another example of an allene is dimethyl allene, which has the chemical formula H2C=C(CH3)2. In this molecule, the central carbon atom is bonded to two methyl groups and two other carbon atoms, which are in turn bonded to hydrogen atoms.
4.
Define Topicity?
Answer: Topicity is based on the idea that the four substituents on a stereocenter can be labeled as either prochiral or chiral. A prochiral substituent is one that, with the addition of a hydrogen atom, would create a chiral center. A chiral substituent is one that is already chiral. If two substituents on a stereocenter are prochiral, they are said to be diastereotopic. This means that they can be differentiated by a chemical reaction, such as addition of a reagent or solvent, or by the presence of a chiral environment, such as a chiral catalyst. On the other hand, if two substituents on a stereocenter are chiral, they are said to be enantiotopic. This means that they cannot be differentiated by a chemical reaction, but they can be differentiated by the presence of a chiral environment, such as a chiral solvent or catalyst.
5.
What is diastereomerism?
Answer: Diastereomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which two or more stereoisomers of a molecule have different spatial arrangements of atoms and are not mirror images of each other. Diastereomers have different physical and chemical properties, such as melting point and reactivity.
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