100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE, NR 283: Pathophysiology, Chamberlain College of Nursing $12.49   Add to cart

Exam (elaborations)

NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE, NR 283: Pathophysiology, Chamberlain College of Nursing

1 review
 23 views  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution

NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE, NR 283: Pathophysiology, Chamberlain College of Nursing

Preview 4 out of 54  pages

  • May 5, 2023
  • 54
  • 2022/2023
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

1  review

review-writer-avatar

By: modelbay • 4 months ago

review are good

avatar-seller
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

NEURO – TERMS TO KNOW


CONSCIOUSNESS
 The state of being aware, or perceiving physical facts or mental concepts; a state of general
wakefulness and responsiveness to environment; a functioning sensorium. [L. conscio, to know, to
be aware of]
 totally aware of surrounding activities and incoming stimuli
 oriented to time, place, and people
 person can respond quickly and appropriately to questions, commands, or events.
 Various levels of reduced consciousness may present as
o Lethargy
o Confusion
o Disorientation
o memory loss
o unresponsiveness to verbal stimuli
o difficulty in arousal
 Glasgow Coma Scale
o Used for assessing LOC
 Coma
o Most serious level of loss of consciousness
o Affected person does not respond to stimuli (pain, or verbal)
o Some reflexes may still be present
 Deep coma
o Loss of all reflexes
o Fixed and dilated pupils
o Slow and irregular pulse and respirations

AROUSAL
 Reticular Activating System
 determines the degree of arousal or awareness of the cerebral cortex
 The pons and medulla influence the brain's awareness of the incoming pain stimuli
o PONS – composed of bundles of both afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) fibers
o MEDULLA
 contains vital control centers that regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function
 contains the coordinating centers that govern coughing, swallowing, vomiting

VEGETATIVE STATE
 Loss of awareness and mental capabilities
 Results from diffuse brain damage

AMNESIA
 Loss of memory

,CONVULSION
 sudden, involuntary movement with loss of awareness, caused by uncontrolled neuronal discharge in
the brain.
TONIC
 In a state of continuous unremitting action; denoting especially a muscular contraction. 2.
Invigorating; increasing physical or mental tone or strength.

CLONIC/CLONIC STATE/CLONIC SPASM
 Relating to or characterized by clonus
 Movement marked by repetitive muscle contractions and relaxations in rapid succession.
 Alternate involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle

DYSPHASIA
 Difficulty comprehending language or speaking; partial impairment of communicating ability
 Less severe form of aphasia
 Caused by damage to the brain
APHASIA
 Inability to comprehend or express language; total loss of communicating ability
 Receptive—damage to Wernicke’s area
 Expressive—damage to Broca’s area
 Mixed, global—damage to both areas or to the fibers and tracts between them

PARESIS
 Muscle weakness
 Mild paralysis

OTORRHEA
 Leaking of CSF from the ear
 Occurs with fractures
 Tearing of meninges
o Allows CSF to pass out of the subarachnoid space

SEIZURES
Seizures (look up types of seizures)
● Generalized
o Absence seizures (petit mal)
▪ Lapses of awareness lasting only a few seconds

▪ Appear without warning/end abruptly

▪ More common in children

▪ Are frequently so brief, they go undetected
o Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
▪ Most common

▪ Begin with stiffening of limbs (tonic phase)

, ▪ Followed by jerking of the limbs/face (clonic phase)
o Myoclonic
▪ Rapid, brief contractions of bodily muscles

▪ Occur at the same time on both sides of body

▪ Usually involve one arm or a foot

▪ “sudden jerk” movements or “clumsiness”
o Atonic (akinetic, astatic, or drop attacks)
▪ Abrupt loss of muscle tone

▪ Can produce head drops, loss of posture, or sudden collapse

▪ Appear without warning

▪ Can result in injuries to head and face

▪ Seizures are resistance to Rx therapy

▪ Protective headgear recommended
o Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (febrile seizures)
▪ Form of severe epilepsy

▪ Begins in childhood

▪ Characterized by multiple types of seizures and intellectual disability

▪ Child experiences frequent seizures (mixed type seizures)

▪ Interrupts neurological development
 resulting in learning disabilities
 delayed motor development
▪ Difficult to control, even with Rx medication

● Partial
o Simple partial
▪ one area of the body is experiencing spasm/twitch

▪ person does not lose consciousness during seizure

▪ while fully aware, person may not be able to speak/move until seizure is over

▪ person may feel odd or altered sensations (affects all five senses)

▪ nausea may be present

▪ emotions may also be affected
o Complex partial (psychomotor)

, ▪ Affect larger area of brain

▪ Affect consciousness; person may appear to altered state of consciousness

▪ During a seizure, person cannot interact normally

▪ Actions are typically unorganized, confused, and unfocused

▪ Unable to control body movements, speech, and actions

▪ Unaware of actions

▪ Does not remember what happened during seizure

▪ “temporal lobe epilepsy”


● Continuous seizures (status epilepticus)
o in/out of seizures every second – constant/continuous state of seizure
o Increased metabolism of glucose and oxygen
o May be life-threatening
o primary focus = PATIENT SAFETY
▪ cannot stop a seizure

▪ ABCs + safety
o Death or brain damage from status seizures (as opposed to death from the underlying cause) is
most likely to result from:
▪ Direct damage to the brain caused by the injury that causes the seizures

▪ Stress on the system from repeated generalized tonic clonic seizures

▪ Injury from repeated electrical discharge in the brain




ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD) (tends to be more psychosocial)(can be considered primary)
● Progressive cortical atrophy
o Neurofibrillary tangles and plagues
o ACh deficit caused by loss of neurons
● No definite diagnostic tests available
o Exclusion of other disorders
o Careful medical and psychological history
● Specific cause unknown
o Repetitive DNA sequences on different chromosomes have been associated with AD.
● Five stages

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller HIGHSCORE. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

80202 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$12.49
  • (1)
  Add to cart