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Samenvatting Hoofdstuk 4 - Media als Industrie
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1Hoofdstuk 4: Media als Industrie: Concentratie, Conglomeratie en Commercialisering .......................3
1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................3
2. Het belang van media-eigenaarschap, mediamarkten en controle over media ............................3
2.1. Enkele cijfers ........................................................................................................................3
2.1.1. Top 5 mediabedrijven wereldwijd in 2021, gerangschikt volgens winst ..........................3
2.1.2. Inkomsten van de top 50 wereldwijde audiovisuele spelers in 2019 ...............................3
2.1.3. Vivendi ..........................................................................................................................3
3. Media-eigenaarschap: Hoe beïnvloedt het specifieke karakter van eigendom en controle over
media de activiteiten van media? ....................................................................................................4
3.1. Categorieën van eigendom ...................................................................................................4
3.2. De zandloper en de driehoek ................................................................................................4
3.3. Publiek belang ......................................................................................................................4
3.4. Persvrijheid ..........................................................................................................................5
4. Mediamarkten ............................................................................................................................5
4.1. De situatie in Vlaanderen......................................................................................................5
4.2. Bezorgdheden in relatie tot mediapluralisme .......................................................................6
4.3. Wat is een mediamarkt?.......................................................................................................6
5. Belangrijkste trends en processen ...............................................................................................6
5.1. Globalisering en groei ...........................................................................................................6
5.1.1. Wat?..............................................................................................................................6
5.1.2. Als een strategie voor groei ...........................................................................................6
A) Wat? ...............................................................................................................................6
B) Hoe?................................................................................................................................7
5.2. Mediaconcentratie ...............................................................................................................8
5.2.1. Wat?..............................................................................................................................8
5.2.2. Waarom?.......................................................................................................................8
5.2.3. Hoe meten? ...................................................................................................................8
5.3. Mediaconglomeraties ...........................................................................................................9
5.3.1. Wat?..............................................................................................................................9
5.3.2. Media moguls ................................................................................................................9
6. Problemen en beleidsinitiatieven ................................................................................................9
6.1. Problemen met concentratie ................................................................................................9
6.2. Beleidsantwoorden ............................................................................................................ 10
6.2.1. De instrumenten van de overheid om mediaconcentratie tegen te gaan...................... 10
6.2.2. De Belgische Mededingingsautoriteit (BMA) ................................................................ 10
6.2.3. De Europese Mededingingsautoriteit ........................................................................... 10
, 2
6.2.4. De Digital Markets Act (DMA) ...................................................................................... 11
7. Conclusies ................................................................................................................................. 11
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