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Summary Attachment
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ATTACHMENT, Attachment?
An emotional bond between two people. It is a two-way process Limitation = hard to know what is happening when observing infants.
that endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as E = Gratier, 2003: studies into mother–infant interactions have shown the same patterns of behaviour.
clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of E = However, what is being observed is merely hand movements or changes in expression. It is difficult to be sure, base
protecting an infant.
observations, what is taking place from the infant's perspective. EXAMPLE = infant's imitation of adult signals consciou
L = This means we cannot be certain that behaviours seen in mother–infant interactions have a special meaning = infer
Reciprocity?
A description of how two people interact. Mother-infant
interaction is reciprocal in that both infant and mother (care Strength = use of well-controlled procedures
giver) respond to each others signals and each elicits a - Responding (conversation) to action of another E = Mother–infant interactions are usually filmed, often from multiple a
response from the other. with a similar action, where the actions of one E = Very fine details of behaviour can be recorded and analysed later. Al
partner elicit a response from the other partner don't know they are being observed, so their behaviour does not c
- Interactions are not necessarily similar as in
Interactional synchrony? response to observation (generally the main problem for observation re
interactional synchrony
Mother (care giver) and infant re ect both the actions and - no demand characteristics!
This sensitivity to infant behaviour lays the
emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated foundations for later attachment between care L = studies have good validity.
(synchronised) way. LIKE A MIRROR. giver and infant.
Limitation = individual differen
E = Isabella et al: found that mo
- When 2 people interact, they tend to mirror what the other is
doing in terms of their facial/body movements and emotions/ Discuss infant-caregiver caregiver-infant pairs showed g
synchrony.
behaviours.
- Synchrony - when 2 (or more) things move in same pattern. interactions. Refer to E = shows children will respond
based on the nature of their at
Caregiver interactions reciprocity + interactional L = However, it is not clear whe
1. How do psychologists research caregiver-infant interactions?
Observational methods synchrony in your answer behaviour is a cause or an effe
synchrony.
2. Write down 2 weaknesses associated with this type of research
method? Change in mothers behaviour = behaviour is not
natural (social desirability bias) = lacks internal validity + ARE FATHERS IMPORTANT TO ATTACHMENT:
Interpretation bias = cant be sure of what we are observing
(babies cant talk) = might misinterpret what we observe =
lowers internal validity.
YES NO
Field (1978) - fathers can be more nurturing a achment gure. The key to the Scha er and Emerson (1964) - majorly of babies became a ached to their
a achment rela onship is level of responsiveness not the gender of the mother rst and then formed secondary a achment to the father
parent.
Grossman suggests that fathers play a greater role in play rather than the Grossman (2002) - quality of a achment with mother and not father was
nurturing aspect of a achment. related to a achment in adolescence
MacCallum and Golombok (2004) - children growing up in single or same-sex
parent families do not develop di erently from those in two-two-parents
heterosexual families
Could argue that they are not important because they do not have enough
oestrogen to make them su ciently nurturing to form a achments.
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