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Human and Animal Biology I Summary
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Summary of the first year course Human and Animal Biology I at Wageningen University & Research
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Human and Animal Biology SummaryIndex
Lz2: Fenotype ............................................................................................................................... 2
Lz3-Lz4: Ontwikkelingsbiologie ..................................................................................................... 3
Lz3: Anatomie ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Lz4: Ontwikkelings Mechanismen ....................................................................................................... 5
Lz5: Huid en Huidderivaten ........................................................................................................... 7
Lz6: Skelet .................................................................................................................................. 11
Lph7: Neurobiologie ................................................................................................................... 16
Lph8: Algemene Endocrinologie .................................................................................................. 21
Lph9: Endocrinologie van de Reproductie.................................................................................... 22
Lph10: Sensoriek + Lph11: Autonome Zenuwstelsel..................................................................... 25
Lz12: Hersenen en Gedrag .......................................................................................................... 31
Lz13: Motorische Systemen ........................................................................................................ 35
Haai ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Schematisch....................................................................................................................................... 39
Ontleed .............................................................................................................................................. 44
1
,Lz2: Fenotype
• Phenotype
o Development plasticity
▪ Sensor, modulator and affector
o Polyphenism
▪ Same genotype, but clear phenotypic differences
▪ Sequential Polyphenism
• Life Cycle
• Phenotypic change in alpha apes
▪ Alternative Polyphenism
• Castes
• Queen and worker bee
o Population gradualism
▪ Frequency trait rises in population
o Phenotypic gradualism
▪ New trait is the result of (small) changes over many generations
o Conformer
▪ Changes internal environment to external environment
▪ Cold-blooded
o Regulator
▪ Retains internal environment
▪ Warm-blooded
▪ Fish
• Have ionocytes
o Active transport of NaCl
• Freshwater
o Active absorption of NaCl
o Water enters osmotically
• Marine fish
o Active secretion of NaCl
o Water loss
o Active absorption of water
• Migration
o Anadromous
▪ Fresh -> Salt -> Fresh
o Catadromous
▪ Salt -> Fresh -> Salt
o Salt- to freshwater
▪ Prolactin
• Lowers osmotic permeability of the
epithelium
• More mucus secretion
• Stimulates development of freshwater
ionocytes
2
, ▪ Cortisol
• Differentiation of freshwater ionocytes
• Apoptosis saltwater ionocytes
o Fresh- to saltwater
▪ Growth hormone
• Stimulates production of cortisol receptors
• Stimulates mitotic division of ionocytes
▪ Cortisol
• Differentiation and proliferation of saltwater
ionocytes
• Apoptosis of freshwater ionocytes
Lz3-Lz4: Ontwikkelingsbiologie
Lz3: Anatomie
• Phylotypic stadium of vertebrates
o Egg is one cell
o Stages
▪ Zygote
• Fusion egg and sperm cell
▪ Blastula
• Due to cleavages a blastula with a blastocoel (disappears later) is
produced.
▪ Gastrulation
• Production three cotyledons due to migration of cells and
archenteron.
o Cotyledon = kiemblad
• Epiboly
o Growing of animal less to the bottom
• Invagination
o Creation of the dorsal lip
▪ Blastopore
• Intestine opening
3
, • Involution
o Creation of Archenteron
▪ Means old intestine
▪ A. K. A. gastrocoel
o To take the yolk into the centre of the cell
o Closing with yolk plug
▪ Organogenesis
• Neurulation
o Migrating Neural list material
▪ No migration gives no real head
▪ Order
• Migration of cells to end position
• Cells differentiate to neuron
• Cells connect to their goals
• Cells refine synapse connections
• Production of organs
• Start of growth
▪ Growth
• Growing to adult form
4
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