Practice Exam With 100% Correct Answers FNDH 400

Practice Exam With 100% Correct Answers FNDH 400 Carbohydrates are made of - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins are made of - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Lipids include - CORRECT ANSWER-fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids Lipids are made of - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Macronutrients definition - CORRECT ANSWER-Nutrients needed in large amounts Micronutrients definition - CORRECT ANSWER-Nutrients needed in smaller amounts but still important What are the macronutrients? - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water What are the micronutrients? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamins and minerals What is a vitamin - CORRECT ANSWER-COMPOUNDS essential for normal physiological processes What is a mineral - CORRECT ANSWER-ELEMENTS essential for normal physiological processes in the body What is a calorie? - CORRECT ANSWER-Energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C How are kcals determined - CORRECT ANSWER-A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is determined by the heat produced Kcal/g of the nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbs: 4 Proteins: 4 Lipids: 9 Vitamins, Minerals, Water: 0 Alcohol: 7 (but not a nutrient) Phytochemical definition - CORRECT ANSWER-Compounds found in plants that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Phytochemical found in tomatoes that is thought to decrease cancer risk (esp. prostate) - CORRECT ANSWER-Lycopene Diets rich in _____ and ___ have been shown with a decreased rate in chronic diseases. - CORRECT ANSWER-fruits and vegetables Zoochemicals - CORRECT ANSWER-Compounds found in animals that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Compounds that are both phyto and zoochemicals - CORRECT ANSWER-Lutein and Zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoids found in kale, spinach, and corn. or found in egg yolk Functional food defintion - CORRECT ANSWER-A food, or food ingredient, that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains Scientific method - CORRECT ANSWER3 types of studies - CORRECT ANSWER-Cross-sectional: Present Case-control: Past Prospective cohort: future Cross-sectional study - CORRECT ANSWER-Compare different populations at the same point in time Example of a cross-sectional study - CORRECT ANSWER-French paradox. Despite consuming same amount of cholesterol/saturated fat france had 5x lower death rate from coronary heart disease. Led to research into resveratol (red wine) Ecologic fallacy - CORRECT ANSWER-Believing that members of the group have characteristcs, which as individuals they do not Case control study - CORRECT ANSWER-Look at a group of cases vs controls Retrospective Often uses food frequency questionnaires Prospective Cohort study - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial information on a group collected (food frequency questionnaire) and then group is followed over time to quantify health outcomes of the individual Framingham Heart Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Started in 1948 Following residents to identify risk factors for heart disease Nurses Health Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Started in 1976 Every 4 years, 122k nurses are given food frequency questionnaires Health Professionals Follow up study - CORRECT ANSWER-Started in 1986 51K male health professionals Every 4 years, food frequency questionnaires From the Health Professionals Follow Up study, what was determined - CORRECT ANSWER-Tomato sauce, tomatoes, pizza, and strawberries had decreased incidence of prostate cancer What did the foods have in common from the Health Professionals Follow Up Study? - CORRECT ANSWER-Tomato -- Lycopene Strawberries -- Anthocyanins In vitro research - CORRECT ANSWER-Simplest form of nutrition research Means "within glass" Cell culture In vivo research - CORRECT ANSWER-Animal study often mice and Rats Pros/Cons of in vivo research - CORRECT ANSWER-Pros Can do tests that are considered unethical for humans Knows exactly what subject eats Expert reporting Cons Animal metabolism/physiology is different Clinical trial - CORRECT ANSWER-Scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens Gold standard A p-value of less than ___ is used to indicate statistical significance. Meaning that... - CORRECT ANSWER-.05 5% of the time the results are accidental or not true OR, RR, HR values and signficance - CORRECT ANSWER-1 is lowered risk with exposure 1 is no effect 1 is increased risk with exposure Confidence interval - CORRECT ANSWER-Estimated range that the measure is calulated to include Often 95% Large VI = Less confidence in value Small CI = More confidence in value Must not overlap 1 for OR,RR, or HR to be considered significant American Society for Nutrition publishes which journals? - CORRECT ANSWERJournal of Nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Academy of Nutrition and Dietics publishes which journals? - CORRECT ANSWERJournal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Systematic literature review; considers which type of studies - CORRECT ANSWERFinds conclusion based on evidence in multiple journal articles Only considers Epidemiological studies and Clinical Trials Epiemiolgical studies ____ show causalty - CORRECT ANSWER-Cannot. Instead just identifies relationships or associations What is the best form of primary research? - CORRECT ANSWER-Clinical trials/human studies Ranking of research types, from best to worse - CORRECT ANSWER-Systematic Literature Reviews Clincial trials Prospective Cohort Case-Control Cross-Sectional Animal Studies/In vivo In vitro Order of research progression - CORRECT ANSWER-Epidemiological In vitro Animal studies Clinical trials Beta carotene and lung cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Thought high dose betacarotene would decrease lung cancer risk, but actually increased it! Selenium, Vitamin E, Prostate Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Thought it would decrease prostate cancer. Vitamin E increased cancer, Selenium increased diabetes Secondary result - CORRECT ANSWER-Not primary outcome the trial was designed to find Reductionist approach - CORRECT ANSWER-Takes a complex food and reduces it to simpler componets Monosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Glucose + Galactose = Lactose What are polysaccharides? Common forms? - CORRECT ANSWER-10 sugars Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin) Glycogen Fibers (Cellulose, Gums, Pectin) Oligosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWER-Raffinose Stachyose Glucose - CORRECT ANSWER-6-member ring Product of photosynthesis Major source of energy in our body Fructose - bond appearance? - CORRECT ANSWER-5-member ring Commonly found in fruits Commercially used in many beverages Galactose - CORRECT ANSWER-6-member ring Not normally found in nature alone How are disaccharides formed? - CORRECT ANSWER-2 monosacharides and a hydration reaction Maltose - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose + Glucose Alpha bond Malt sugar Seldom found in foods Alcoholic beverages and barley Sucrose - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucose + Fructose Alpha Bond Table Sugar Only made by plants Calories Lactose; bond - CORRECT ANSWER-Galactose + Glucose Beta bond Milk Sugar Glycosidic - CORRECT ANSWER-Sugar bond Why do we need lactase? - CORRECT ANSWER-To break the beta bond found in lactose High fructose corn syrup ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-42-55% Fructose 45-58% Glucose VERY similar to sucrose