West Coast University, Orange County PHYS 261 Study Guide Midterm spring 2023

Define  Homeostasis- to cope w/external variability by keeping the internal environment relatively stable.  Energy- the capacity to do work.  Activation energy- (1) the energy required to initiate a reaction. (2) the initial input of the energy to bring reactant into a position that allow them to react.  Exergonic reactions- chemical reaction that releases energy.  Enzymes- protein catalyst that speed up reaction by lowering their activation energy.  Enzyme specificity-  Exocytosis- process in which intracellular vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their content into the extracellular fluid.  Resting membrane potential- voltage across the cell it is at rest.  The all-or-none principle of action potential-  Gluconeogenesis- pathways through which noncarbohydrate precursors, especially amino acids, are converted into glucose.  Acromegaly- abnormal growth of cartilage and soft tissues due to excess growth hormone secretion in an adult. 1. Cushing’s disease disease; hypercortisolism, (moon face) some symptoms mimics diabetes mellitus and may result from adrenal, pituitary tumor Cellular Organelles and their functions: Nucleus: genetic info Ribosomes: stations for protein synthesis Rough ER: modifies proteins, protein synthesis Smooth ER: [lipids, cortisol, steroids], detox storage for calcium. Golgi apparatus: packages and transports proteins Lysosomes: kills stuff, bacteria, virus, old cells. List the following Steps of protein synthesis  Intracellular and extracellular ions  Function of Na+/K+ pump 3 sodium in 2 Potassium out  Rules of diffusion  Hormonal classification Amines: simple molecules Proteins and peptides: made from amino acids Steroids: derived from cholesterol  Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland and their functions GH (Growth Hormone): stimulates IGF production by the liver that promotes long bone growth PRL (Prolactin): promotes milk production FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone): promotes ovarian follicle development estrogen in females. Spermatogenesis in males LH (Leutinizi