Module 7 Exam A&P Questions and Answers 2023

Module 7 Exam A&P Questions and Answers 2023 The bladder drains into the ureters false The kidneys are long, thin muscular tubes false A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back at the T5 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidneys to be damaged? Why or why not? no, the kidneys lie between T-12 and L3 Describe the consistancy and purpose of the renal fascia - outer layer dense fibrous connective tissue - keeps the kidneys in place inside the abdominal cavity These arteries divide into the segmental arteries as they flow into the kidney renal These arteries flow in-between the renal pyramids interlobar Interlobar veins converge to form the____ arcuate veins After filtration occurs, next blood travels into these vessels efferent arteriole Which of the following is TRUE about the location of the bladder in females, the bladder is anterior to the vagina Which of the following is FALSE about the location of the bladder - in females, the bladder is posterior to the uterus - in females, the bladder is in-between the rectum and the uterus (B&C) Based strictly on anatomical structural differences, are males or females more likely to get a UTI. Explain. females - females urethra is shorter and only carries urine while males urethra is about 5 times longer - since females is short and external opening is close to the anus, in-proper wiping or poor hygiene can easily carry fecal bacteria into the urethra -bacteria entering the urethra and traveling up to the bladder, causing UTI An elderly male with dementia frequently micturates at inappropriate times (during meals, not in toilet) What is most likely causing the difficulty? incontinence due to end stage dementia This is the smallest region of the male urethra membranous Describe the difference between the 2 types of nephrons - cortical nephrons- cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of Henle which extends into the medulla - remaining nephrons called, juxtamedullary nephrons, pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loops of Henle For micturition to occur, the ____ sphincter _____ - internal; relaxes - external; relaxes This is the pressure that depends upon the amount of proteins in the filtrate; colloid osmotic pressure Describe in detail how the kidney controls its own rate of blood flow through the nephron renal autoregulation - by controlling the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles - by this autoregulation system - kidney can maintain a constant GFR despite variations in the arterial blood pressure in the rest of the body Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the RAA system it responds when blood pressure becomes too high Which of the following is not reabsorbed in the PCT hydrogen ions in the loop of Henle, water can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb false; water can leave the descending limb which of the following is FALSE concerning ADH when ADH is in circulation dilute urine is excreted Contrast the osmolarity of the PCT and the bottom of the loop of Henle. Explain why there is such a contrast **osmotic characteristics of the filtrate entering the PCT is identical to the surrounding plasma, 300 mOsm/L - descending limb of the loop of Henle, the solute concentration increases as it descends - once filtrate reaches the hairpin turn of the loop in the inner medulla, the filtrate increases to 1200 mOsm/L ** the concentration of the solute increases drastically because water leaves the descending limb but not salt Describe how aldosterone release occurs apart from the RAA system aldosterone can be released directly in response to high K+ levels or low Na+ ion levels in the extracellular compartment Describe the action of caffeine on the nephron caffeine is a diruretic and causes renal tubules to increase in their diameter size which increases the amount of flow through the tubules Which of the following is FALSE concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors if blood volume rises, they cause constriction of the afferent arterioles Yellow color in urine is due to the presence of: urochrome Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment intracellular Urine with a pH of 7.0 is: within normal range; neutral The bicarbonate buffer system: is the main buffer system of the interstitial fluid A person is hyperventilating. This falls under what control mechanism? Explain what hyperventilation accomplishes respiratory control - hyperventilation is an increase in the respiratory rate which helps remove additional CO2 - in minutes increasing amounts of CO2 is removed - removing CO2 uses up H+ causing the pH to rise and restores correct blood pH - it accomplishes restoring correct blood pH What control mechanism can remove acids and bases from the body renal control (kidneys) Your patient was just admitted to the hospital with renal failure. For the following questions, use the blood values of: pH: 7.1 PCO2: 30 mm HCO3: 20 mEq/L A. acidosis (7.35) B. Metabolic (HCO3- 22) C. Yes (PCO2 35) D. Hyperventilation to increase CO2 elimination Calculate the net filtration pressure for your patient given the following values. Show your work (hydrostatic pressure 50) - (Colloid osmotic pressure 25 + Capsular pressure 15) = NFP = 10 mmHg Describe the purposes of the urethral sphincters Involuntary - controlled internal urethral sphincter is located neat the bladder - keeps urethra closed to prevent urine from leaving the bladder Voluntary - controlled external urethral sphincter - composed of skeletal muscle - surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor A patient was just placed under general anesthesia. He is now awake and telling you he is having a hard time excreting urine. What is most likely causing the difficulty urinary retention due to slowed detrusor muscle The region of the male urethra exits the body Spongy What causes extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries The afferent arteriole which is fed by the interlobular artery - much longer in diameter than the efferent arteriole - difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in glomerular capillaries Micturition can be controlled consciously because of: voluntary control over the external sphincter This is the pressure that depends upon a person's blood pressure from the heart and vessels: hydrostatic pressure Describe in detail what happens during an emergency to control the rate of blood to kidney the renal auto regulatory system is superseded by higher level nervous system controls - when nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic nerve fibers - release of the hormone epinephrine by adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GRF - constriction of the renal arteries only to be used for a short time The greatest amount of ____ occurs in the cells of the PCT reabsorption Na+ can leave the ascending limb but not the descending limb true Which of the following is true concerning ADH it retains up to 99% of water in the filtrate What is countercurrent flow? How does the nephron use this to maintain homeostasis? - the movement of fluids opposite directions through adjacent channels - in the nephron, filtrate flows in one direction through renal tubules while blood in the adjacent blood vessels flows in the opposite direction Describe the action of aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and hydrogen in the filtrate sodium is removed from the filtrate while hydrogen is pumped inside the filtrate Describe the action of a drug that increases the rate of flow through the nephron diuretic - when he filtrate moves at a faster rate through the nephron it allows less time for ions to be removed from the filtrate Which of the following is TRUE concerning cardiovascular baroreceptors they are mechanoreceptors found in the aortic arch and carotid sinus Which of the following is an abnormal solute in urine? bile pigment Water in the body is primarily found in what body compartment intracellular Urine with a pH of 5.0 is: within normal range; acidic The protein buffer system: is the main buffer system of the intracellular fluid A person sustained blunt force trauma to the back of L1 level, with no spinal cord injury. Would you suspect the kidney to be damaged? Yes because kidney lies between T-12 and L3