This document was complied for the APES1000A course (WITS) but is comprehensive enough to serve as a valuable guide + supplement for any 1st year biology half course.
The notes contain details and diagrams on the following sub sections:
Tissue types & cell junctions
Epithelial tissue
Connec...
Test Bank in Conjunction with Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues,Johnson,8e
Test Bank For Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition Johnson 9780134042435 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
Test Bank For Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues 8th Edition Johnson 9780134042435 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
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Histology
, Key concepts
Histology
Surface area to ratio volume & multicellularity
Advantages of multi-cellular organisms:
Longer lifespan than unicellular organisms
Specialisation, aggregates of cells (tissue) with specific functions
Production & repair of damaged cells in a multicellular organism,
achieved by employing other cell types that act as worker cells
Hierarchical Organisation in the body & organ systems
Muscle cell -> Muscular system Integumentary system Digestive system
Muscle tissue -> Nervous system Skeletal system Excretory system
Organ -> Endocrine system Immune & lymphatic system Reproductive system
Organ system Circulatory system Respiratory system
Primary tissue types
Tissues are groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and that perform common functions.
1) Epithelial Tissue: consist of sheets of cells that line/cover surfaces & body cavities. Protect underlying tissues,
often smooth to reduce friction; reduces resistance in vessels, some are highly specialized for transporting materials.
2) Connective Tissue: support the softer organs of the body against gravity & connect parts of body together,
stores fat & produces the cells of blood.
3) Muscle Tissue: cells specialised to shorten, or contract, resulting in movement, when stimulated they contract.
4) Nervous Tissue: specialised for generating & transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body, forms rapid
communication network for the body.
Cell junctions
Cells may be connected to each other by 3 different types of cell junctions.
Tight junctions seal the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, nothing can pass. NB in
epithelial layers that control movement of substances in/out of body. In cells that line the
digestive tract (move nutrients), bladder (holds urine), & tubules of kidneys (move waste products)
Adhesion junctions aka spot desmosomes, allow some movement, stretching and bending
between cells. In epithelium of the skin, allows free movement
Gap junctions are connecting channels made of proteins that permit the movement of ions or water
between two adjacent cells. Found between epithelium cells of liver, heart, & some muscle tissues.
Epithelial tissue
Tightly packed layers of cells. Epithelium is polarised and has two distinct end points, Apical & Basal
Apical: region of a polarised cell that forms a tip/is distal to a base (faces external environment). Apical
surface
Facilitate movement of substances on epithelial surface & increases surface area of epithelial lining.
Basal: region of a polarised cell that forms a base/is distal to tip (adjacent to the basement
membrane). Have role in attachment of columnar epithelium with basement membrane.
Basement membrane: Noncellular layer directly beneath epithelial tissue and above a layer of
connective tissue. Composed of proteins secreted by epithelial cells & underlying connective Basal
surface
tissue layer. Provides structural support to overlying cells.
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