Summary notes for all the units in the course. Difficult points including preliminary cell physioligy content, nervous, endocrine, muscular, cardio, respiratory, renal, reproductive, and digestive systems.
Preliminary stuff
Hydrophibic vs. hydrophilic
-traits (philic is “extra”)
phobic:
synthesized whenever needed, diffused across
short or long distances (w/ carrier for the road)
intracellular or transmembrane receptors
slower or rapid effects so helpful
philic:
needs to be in vesicles
exocytosis no diffusion picky bitch
only transmembrane receptors
rapid effects like the puny bitches they are
-ligand receptor interaction (intra/transmembrane)
phobic: both
philic: only transmembrane
-forms of transport
phobic (+ small, water) = simple diffusion
philic (+ charged/polar, larger with a carrier) = facilitated
-hormones (lipid soluble/insoluble = hydrophobic/philic)
phobic (lipid soluble): cross cell membrane, bind intracellularly and alter
protein synthesis
philic (insoluble): can’t cross membrane thus interacts with receptors and
starts a cascade (eg. CAMP from ATP, DAG + IP3 => Ca2+)
Classes of biomolecules (plnc)
-lipids: HYDROPHOBIC; energy metabolism, structure, transport (membrane),
signallling
-carbs: hydrates of carbons, give rise to others; cell recognition (immunity), energy
metabolism (broken down)
-proteins: amino acid polymers; cell structure/function, singalling, enzymes
-nucleic acid: RNA/DNA; coding (MRNA), transmitting (MRNA), translating (RRNA)
classes of messengers: (PP SBEG)
-peptide:
small as few amino acids, big as few hundred
synthesized in rough ER, secreted based on Ca2+ (like nervous)
HYDROPHILIC: transmembrane receptors, rapid effects only
EG. growth hormone, natriuretic hormone (Kid. Na+ absorption)
-steroid:
synthesized from cholesterol
, come from gonads/placenta, adrenal cortex
named from functions, origins
HYDROPHOBIC: synthesized on demand, diffused, carriers for long distance
w/ a hydrophobic region to bind, either type of receptor (in/out)
EG. mineralocorticoid (ion balance), glucocorticoid (gluc. metabolic)
-biogenic amine:
made from amino acids
have an amine group (NH2)
HYDROPHILIC except for sensible thyroid hormones
EG. thyroid hormones (T3/T4), catecholamines, serotonin
-purine:
Nucleotide, ribose sugar (anything nucelotide/side derived)
Includes adenosine, guanosine
Moved across by nucleoside transporters, secretory vesicles, to bind to
purinergic receptors
EG. AMP, ATP, GMP, GTP (mp, tp, a or g)
-fatty acid:
Lipid messengers made from phospholipids
Neurotransmitters; involved in inflammation and pain
natural ligand of cannabinoid receptors THC binds
Diffuse out, reach target cell, bind to receptors
EG prostaglandins: pain perception, targeted by painkillers
-gas:
Vasodilators mostly; nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide
METABOTROPIC: norepineprhine, serotonin, oxytocin, proctolin, ACh, glut
(NSO was PAG!)
IONOTROPIC: ACh, glutamate (excitatory), gaba, glycine (inhibitory
(A and all the Gs)
, Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
Similarities
● Ganglia are external to nervous system to both
● Preganglionic neurons release ACh in both
● Both have nicotinic (ionotropic) ACh receptors on postganglionic
Differences
● Length of neurons: preganglionic longer in SNS, postganglionic in PSNS
● Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic: noradrenaline by SNS
(increased heart rate, BP, vasoconstriction) ACh by PSNS (maintaining rest
and digest state through action )
● Receptors on target tissues: alpha/beta adrenergic in SNS, muscarinic
(metabotropic ACh in PSNS)
Important to note: sympathetic has sympathetic chain, where adrenal medulla acts as
ganglia (only time when post ganglionic isnt longer), sweat glands/skin/adrenal
medulla/blood vessels are only innervated by sympathetic
Muscle structure
Protein filaments > myofibril > muscle fiber > surrounded by endomysium, encased
by epimysium
Thick myosin, thin actin; A band thick, I band thin, z bands anchor, M line middle of A
(where thick anchored by titin)
Excitation contraction coupling
Motor endplate (sarcolema) depolarizes (Na+/K+ channels) > AP fires
AP spreads into T tubules, gets to sarcoplasmic reticulum > calcium released from
stores
Ca2+ binds to troponin, pulls away tropomyosin, exposes mysosin binding sites on
actin;
Myosin has hydrolyzed ATP in head; released to contract, when new ATP binds and
is hydrolyzed myosin will return to rest
Ca2+ returns to lumen, tropomyosin covers sites again
Endo
Insect hormones
JH = growth, PTH = molting
Endocrine reflexes
Humoral = changes in composition (eg +/- calcium), neural (neurotransmitter
release), hormonal (by other hormones)
hormones of the following organs:
-hypothalamus: **PEPTIDES**
Prolactin releasing/inhibiting (PRL)
Thyrotropin releasing (PRL, TSH)
Corticotropin releasing (ACTH)
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