, Assignment 03 (Paragraph-type questions; Compulsory)
Question 1
1.1 How is the concept 'class' explained by the following theorists?
a) A conflict theorist (3)
Conflict theorists argue that schooling is a social practice that is used by those with
authority to keep their dominance in society. Conflict theorists believe that the
relationship between society and school is problematic, and that schooling causes a
battle between the privileged and the non-privileged. Conflict theorists say that
education causes social inequality and gives those who dominate society even more
power. The educational system prepares the lower class to be obedient workers.
Schools classify students and train the working class to accept that they are unequal
and less important in society. They believe that school testing tests cultural
knowledge and it is therefore culturally biased.
b) A functionalist theorist (3)
The functionalist approach requires the maintenance of the status quo and expects
society’s members to be compliant of this. Another criticism of functionalism is that it
departs from the observation of that most modern societies are multicultural. It is
impossible for all members of society to agree on one single set of values and for
those values to be instilled into each and every child through the education system.
Modern industrial capitalist societies are ranked in terms of gender, ethnicity, class
and status etc. This makes it difficult for children from less privileged families to
compete fairly with children from more privileged backgrounds.
1.2 Discuss the two types of citizenship education and indicate which
approach (active or passive) you think is the best one for learners.
Substantiate your answer. (10)
Citizenship education is education that provides the background knowledge
necessary to create an ongoing stream of new citizens participating and engaging
with the creation of a civilized society. Crick (1998) defines citizenship education as
including three distinct strands: moral and social responsibility, community
involvement and political literacy. There are several types of citizenship education
available in the public-school systems intended to provide a foundation of civic
knowledge representing the minimum one may need to know to participate in
society. Types of citizenship education includes life skills and moral education. Moral
education may be defined as helping children and young people to acquire a set of
beliefs and values regarding what is right and wrong. This set of beliefs guides their
intentions, attitudes and behaviours towards others and their environment. Life skills
on the other hand focuses on enhancing the self – esteem, building confidence,
being assertive, managing emotions, handling failures, communication and
interpersonal skills, respecting others, being empathic, decision making, problem
solving, resilience and much more. I think active approach is best for learners. This
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