BIOD 171 Final Exam Study Guide Questions & Answers Correct 100%

What is microbiology the study of? - ANSWERmicrobes and their biological processes What is the smallest biological unit of life? - ANSWERcell What are the characteristics of life? - ANSWERmovement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, and organization What is a macromolecule? - ANSWERa complex molecule that is composed from smaller subunits What are the four main types of macromolecules? - ANSWERprotein, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates What is the most prominent macromolecule in the body? - ANSWERprotein What are the functions of proteins in a cell? - ANSWERMovement, catalyzing, support, storage, transportation, communication in the cell, defense what is the most abundant cell type? - ANSWERProkaryotic What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - ANSWERDNA and RNA DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. What is the plasma membrane and what is it made of? - ANSWERThe plasma membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment. The plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water, nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids (hydrophobic hydrocarbons). What are the three main components of carbohydrates? - ANSWERcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? - ANSWEREukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region within the cell that contains the genetic material. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea. What are the main morphologies of bacteria? - ANSWERcoccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew) what are the 2 main branches of prokaryotes? - ANSWERbacteria and archaea Which group of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh conditions? - ANSWERArchaea What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? - ANSWERAnimalia, Plantae, Fungi or Protista Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - ANSWERNo they are not considered living because What is the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane composed of? - ANSWERpolar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region -hydrophobic tail faces inward and and polar head interacts with water outside and inside the cell What are the primary cellular organelles and their roles? - ANSWERRibosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis), Golgi (protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis). Proteins are formed from various combinations of ______ of which there are ____ known forms - ANSWERamino acids, 20 What is an essential amino acid? - ANSWERAn essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food. What do eukaryotic cell membranes have that prokaryotic cell membranes don't? - ANSWERsterol lipids (ex: cholesterol) Functions of plasma membrane? - ANSWERProteins in membrane allow the import of nutrients or export of molecules (wastes, signaling molecules) Protein sensors receive information about the environment or messages from other cells Mechanical properties allow for movement, growth, and reseal What are the three parts to a nucleotide? - ANSWERsugar (DNA), phosphate, nitrogenous base What is the central dogma of biology? - ANSWERDNA is transcribed into a strand of RNA that leaves the nucleus and is translated on ribosomes into proteins What does saturation refer to in fatty acids? - ANSWERhow many hydrogen are present in the hydrocarbons Where are ribosomes located? - ANSWERin the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the ER of eukaryotic cells. What is cellular metabolism? - ANSWERMetabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. What is the primary function of enzymes and how are they regulated? - ANSWEREnzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - ANSWERCatabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources. release energy. whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes. consumes energy what is the function of an enzyme dependent on? - ANSWERits structure Can enzymes be reused? - ANSWERyes What is the rate of reaction dependent on? - ANSWERenzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH What are the different classes of enzymes? - ANSWER1. Oxidoreductases 2. Transferases 3. Hydrolases 4. Lyases 5. Isomerases 6. Ligases What is an oxidative-reduction reaction? - ANSWERmetabolic reaction that transfers electrons An electron acceptor becomes more ______ charged, while an electron donator becomes more ----- charged. - ANSWERnegatively, positively What are the 3 ingredients needed to make ATP? - ANSWERenergy, carbon, electrons What are the 2 kinds of chemotrophs? - ANSWERorganotrophs and lithotrophs ATP has the energy to __________ while ADP has the capacity to ________ energy. - ANSWERdonate, accept Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANSWERorganotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules Chemotrophs utilize what form of phosphorylation? - ANSWERoxidative phosphorylation What are the three distinct stages in catabolism of glucose? - ANSWERGlycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain Where does glycolysis occur? - ANSWERcytoplasm What are the products for glycolysis? - ANSWER2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP What is glycolysis for cells that don't use oxygen? - ANSWERfermentation What is the intermediate step of cellular respiration? - ANSWERconverting pyruvate into acetyl-coA Where does the Krebs cycle occur? - ANSWERmitochondrial matrix What is the product of 2 turns around the Kreb's Cycle? - ANSWER2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 Where does the electron transport chain occur? - ANSWERmitochondrial membrane What is the end product of cellular respiration? - ANSWER38 ATP What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when these strategies be utilized? - ANSWERreparation and fermentation Where does photosynthesis occur? - ANSWERChloroplast What processes is photosynthesis broken down into? - ANSWERlight and dark reactions What are the components of a nucleotide? - ANSWERsugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base What is the difference in nitrogenous bases for DNA and RNA? - ANSWERRNA uses uracil instead of cytosin