Samenvatting Interieur in Context A hoofdstukken 1 - 5
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Course
Interieur In Context A
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Dit document bevat alle informatie die je nodig hebt op het examen: dia's, opmerkingen en notities.
Met enkel deze samenvatting te leren (en ook die van de hoofdstukken 6 - 10) behaalde in 16/20.
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Inhoudsopgave
LES 1: INTRODUCTIE .................................................................................................................................................................. 4
WAT IS ARCHITECTUUR? ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Volgens Le Corbusier.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Bouwkunde ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Bouwkunst ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
WAT IS GESCHIEDENIS? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Filmpje Agentschap Onroerend Erfgoed, ................................................................................................................................... 4
WAT IS ARCHITECTUURGESCHIEDENIS?..................................................................................................................................................... 5
DE POLIS EN DE MEGAPOLIS:.................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Inleiding: Griekenland <-> Rome................................................................................................................................................ 5
Sleutelwoorden ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7
Verenigd in de diversiteit: De Polis ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Griekse wereld .............................................................................................................................................................................................7
Belangrijke figuren: ......................................................................................................................................................................................8
Historische context: .....................................................................................................................................................................................8
Proto – Griekse erfenis ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Het paleis van knossos en de leeuwenpoort van Mycene: ..........................................................................................................................9
De bakermat van de Griekse beschaving .....................................................................................................................................................9
Reconstructie van het paleis van Knossos, Kreta, 2000 BCE – 1100 BCE ...................................................................................................10
Het perfectioneren van de orde als opdracht voor de goden .................................................................................................. 12
Algemene kenmerken van de ordes ..........................................................................................................................................................12
Stijlfases .....................................................................................................................................................................................................14
De archaïsche fase: perfectionering van het tempelplan en de orde ........................................................................................................15
Petrificatie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Beeldhouwkunst ........................................................................................................................................................................................18
De klassieke fase: architectuur, kunst en wetenschap ..............................................................................................................................20
DE GRIEKSE MAATSCHAPPIJ VERBEELD: ....................................................................................................................................................24
5. Stadsplanning en theaterarchitectuur: integratie in het landschap .................................................................................... 25
AKROPOLIS: INPLANTING OP DE SITE IN HARMONIE MET DE OMGEVING ...............................................................................................25
Integratie in het landschap: theater, stadsplanning ..................................................................................................................................27
6. Hellenisme: de plaats van het individu in het imperium ...................................................................................................... 27
Kenmerken.................................................................................................................................................................................................28
LES 2: DE POLIS EN DE MEGAPOLIS .......................................................................................................................................... 29
INLEIDING: DE BASISKENMERKEN VAN DE ROMEINSE ARCHITECTUUR............................................................................................................ 29
Archeologie: Winckelmann en Piranesi ................................................................................................................................... 29
Basiskenmerken volgens Vitruvius ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Traktaat: De Architectura Libri Decem (15 BCE) ........................................................................................................................................30
Basiskenmerken volgens Vitruvius ............................................................................................................................................................30
Architectuur als maatschappelijk fenomeen ........................................................................................................................... 31
4 kenmerken: .............................................................................................................................................................................................31
Le Corbusier in ‘Vers une architecture 1923’ ............................................................................................................................................31
Filmpje Rome: ............................................................................................................................................................................................31
ROMEINSE ARCHITECTUUR .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Assimilatie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Vb van palmira(?).......................................................................................................................................................................................32
Etrusken .....................................................................................................................................................................................................32
CASE-STUDY ...............................................................................................................................................................................................32
De etruskische tempel ...............................................................................................................................................................................32
Maison Carrée, Nîmes, 20 BCE ..................................................................................................................................................................33
Fortuna Primigenia Tempel, ......................................................................................................................................................................33
Barberini – Colonna Paleis, ca. 1630..........................................................................................................................................................34
Tempel van Baal,........................................................................................................................................................................................34
Venustempel, Baalbek ...............................................................................................................................................................................35
Constructieve vernieuwing: het gewelf, het beton, de baksteen ............................................................................................. 36
Gewelf........................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Beton en baksteen .....................................................................................................................................................................................37
Functionalisme: nieuwe technieken en nieuwe typologieën.................................................................................................... 37
aquaduct ....................................................................................................................................................................................................37
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, Interieur in Context examen januari 21 - 22
Cloaca ........................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Porticus ......................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Functionalisme: Barokke Splendeur ......................................................................................................................................... 39
BAROK ........................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Theater ......................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Arena .........................................................................................................................................................................................................41
Thermen ....................................................................................................................................................................................................41
HET SUMMUM VAN HET ROMEINSE GENIE: HET PANTHEON (118 CE) ........................................................................................................ 44
Constructie van de koepel: ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
GROOTSTEDELIJKE NOODZAAK ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Forum....................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Steden ........................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Woningbouw ........................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Insulae........................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Domus ........................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Villa ............................................................................................................................................................................................................56
LES 3: PRE-ROMAANS EN ROMAANS ....................................................................................................................................... 58
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Wat is de impact van het Romeinse Rijk op het ontwikkelen van cultuur en architectuur? .................................................... 59
Romano-Byzantijnse invloeden................................................................................................................................................ 59
Stijl, vormentaal en constructie .................................................................................................................................................................59
ROMANO-BYZANTIJNSE CHRISTELIJKE ARCHITECTUUR............................................................................................................................... 60
Christendom als staatsgodsdienst in het Romeinse Rijk .......................................................................................................... 60
West Romeinse Rijk ...................................................................................................................................................................................61
Oost Romeinse Rijk ....................................................................................................................................................................................67
RELIGIE EN HEERSCHAPPIJ: DE KAROLINGISCHE RENAISSANCE ...................................................................................................................... 73
BASISKENMERKEN ARCHITECTUUR ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Voormalige abdijkerk Fulda (Duitsland) ca. 791-821 .................................................................................................................................75
Oude St. Denis in Parijs ..............................................................................................................................................................................75
Klooster van Lorsch, ca. 774 CE .................................................................................................................................................................76
Koninklijke villa Ingelheim, ca 775 .............................................................................................................................................................77
Aachen, Pfalzkapel (Palatijnse kapel), ca. 800, Otto von Metz ..................................................................................................................78
ROMAANSE ARCHITECTUUR ................................................................................................................................................................. 84
12de-eeuwse Renaissance: ....................................................................................................................................................... 84
De modulaire travé .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Belangrijke ontwikkelingen die ontstaan...................................................................................................................................................84
Sint-Pieterskerk in Gent .............................................................................................................................................................................85
Munsterkathedraal Essen, einde 10de eeuw: .............................................................................................................................................86
St. Michaels Hildesheim:............................................................................................................................................................................87
Kathedraal Speyer......................................................................................................................................................................................87
Notre Dame de Jumièges, Frankrijk, ca. 1050 ...........................................................................................................................................88
De pelgrimskerken: het tonen en zien van relieken ................................................................................................................. 88
HANDEL IN RELIEKEN .................................................................................................................................................................................88
St. Etienne, Névers, 1063-1097: ................................................................................................................................................................90
St. Sernin, Toulouse: ..................................................................................................................................................................................90
Sainte Foy, Conques, 12de eeuw ................................................................................................................................................................91
Cisterziënzers van Fontenay: .....................................................................................................................................................................92
ARCHITECTUUR VAN KIEV-RUS............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Christelijke inspiratie tussen Oost en West .............................................................................................................................. 93
De kerk van de tienden (Desyatinnaya Tserkov’, 989-996) was de eerste stenen kerk in Kiev. ................................................................94
Kathedraal van de Transfiguratie (Спасо-Преображенський собор), 11de eeuw, Tsjernihiv ..................................................................94
Sint-Sofiakathedraal in Kiev (Собор Святой Софии), ca. 1037 .................................................................................................................94
Sint-Sofiakathedraal in Novgorod (Собор Святой Софии), ca. 1045-1050 ...............................................................................................95
Holenkooster Kiev-Petsjersk Lavra (Киево-Печерская лавра), ca. 1075 ..................................................................................................95
LES 4: ARCHITECTUUR IN DE NEDERLANDEN VAN ROMAANS TOT CLASSISICME ...................................................................... 96
SYLLABUS: ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 96
Afbakening in tijd en ruimte van deze cursus .......................................................................................................................... 96
ROMAANSE ARCHITECTUUR I. ................................................................................................................................................. 96
1 Kerkelijke architectuur ............................................................................................................................................................................96
Maasland .................................................................................................................................................................................................102
I.1.2 Scheldestreek...................................................................................................................................................................................105
I. 2. Burgerlijke architectuur ....................................................................................................................................................................112
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, Interieur in Context examen januari 21 - 22
LES 5: ARCHITECTUUR IN DE NEDERLANDEN: VAN ROMAANS TOT CLASSICISME ................................................................... 119
GOTISCHE ARCHITECTUUR ......................................................................................................................................................... 119
Historiografie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 119
Chronologie............................................................................................................................................................................ 120
Scholastiek- theologie en filosofie ......................................................................................................................................... 120
De constructieve vernieuwing van de Gotiek ......................................................................................................................... 121
Elementen in die constructie : .................................................................................................................................................................121
Decoratie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 123
De bouwmeester (= architect) ............................................................................................................................................... 124
Bouwtekeningen .................................................................................................................................................................... 124
Lange bouwcampagnes ......................................................................................................................................................... 125
De middeleeuwse bouwwerf.................................................................................................................................................. 126
bouwwerf.................................................................................................................................................................................................126
Bouwloods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................126
............................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
Bouw van een kerk ..................................................................................................................................................................................126
Mechelen: Sint-Rombouts, Tredrad ........................................................................................................................................................127
Natuursteen .............................................................................................................................................................................................127
Materialen: natuursteen en bewerking ...................................................................................................................................................127
Hout .........................................................................................................................................................................................................128
MONASTIEKE ARCHITECTUUR- CISTERCIËNZERGOTIEK .................................................................................................................... 129
VILLERS-LA-VILLE: Ruïne van de cisterciënzerabdij 13de eeuw .............................................................................................. 129
Bouwchronolgie: ......................................................................................................................................................................................129
Fontenay ..................................................................................................................................................................................................131
Villers-la-Ville ...........................................................................................................................................................................................133
............................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
LISSEWEGE (ter Doest) – Abdijschuur .................................................................................................................................... 134
dendrochrononologie ..............................................................................................................................................................................135
KERKELIJKE ARCHITECTUUR ....................................................................................................................................................... 136
Gotiek in het Scheldegebied (vroege gotiek) ......................................................................................................................... 136
GENT – Sint-Niklaaskerk ..........................................................................................................................................................................136
............................................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Kenmerken shceldegotiek .......................................................................................................................................................................138
Altaar = barok ........................................................................................................................................................................ 138
Sint-niklaaskerk = gebarokiseerde kerk ................................................................................................................................. 138
Gelaagdheid .............................................................................................................................................................................................139
19e eeuwse restauratievrijmaking ......................................................................................................................................... 139
Inkapseling van huisjes .......................................................................................................................................................... 139
Idialiserend beeld van gotiek ................................................................................................................................................. 139
nog aanwezige oude polychromie ......................................................................................................................................... 139
haaientanden en voegimitaties ............................................................................................................................................. 139
BRUGGE – O.-L.-Vrouwkerk ................................................................................................................................................... 140
Begonnen omstreeks 1270 tot midden 14de eeuw.................................................................................................................................140
Brabantse hooggotiek ........................................................................................................................................................... 141
BRUSSEL – Sint-Michiels- en Goedelekathedraal 13de-15de eeuw.........................................................................................................141
ANTWERPEN– Onze-Lieve-vrouwkathedraal ......................................................................................................................... 146
‘S HERTOGENBOSCH (Den Bosch)– Sint-Jan 14de-15de eeuw ............................................................................................... 149
PROFANE ARCHITECTUUR .................................................................................................................................................................. 151
Gent - Belfort ......................................................................................................................................................................... 151
LEUVEN – stadhuis 1438-1468............................................................................................................................................... 152
MECHELEN – Paleis van de Grote Raad (heden stadhuis) 1526-1547 ................................................................................... 153
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, Interieur in Context examen januari 21 - 22
LES 1: INTRODUCTIE
Wat is architectuur?
Volgens Le Corbusier
Onderscheid tss construction (bouwen) en architectuur (bouwkunst)
- Stapelen van materialen is een constructie
- Artistieke en creatieve is belangrijk in architectuur
- Expressie van gedachtes
Bouwkunst
- Bewuste compositie van materiaal, vormen, kleuren, verhoudingen
- Stijl
- Schoonheid
- Kunst
- …
Wat is geschiedenis?
- Terugblikkend in de tijd
- Het verleden bevragen
- Deze bevraging van het verleden sturen vanuit een noodgedwongen hedendaagse blik, die we een
“analytische” blik noemen
- De resultaten van deze bevraging gebruiken om het heden te begrijpen en de toekomst te voeden (“kritische
/ utopische blik”)
- Reflexieve praktijk
- Overdadig kritische omgang met het verleden (alles moet anders)
- Verering van het verleden (helden en monumenten)
- Antiquarische vergaarzucht
- Voedende discipline
- Niet-tijdsgebonden waarde
- Een uitdaging
Filmpje Agentschap Onroerend Erfgoed,
architectuur en erfgoed. Een tango in de tijd, festival architectuur 2019
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