, 4.5.10. Interviews............................................................................................................................ 39
4.5.11. Work samples ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.5.12. Assessmentcenters .............................................................................................................. 42
4.5.13. Situational judgment tests ................................................................................................... 43
4.5.14. Integriteitstests ................................................................................................................... 44
4.5.15. Overige selectiemethoden .................................................................................................... 44
4.6. KEUZE UIT SELECTIE-INSTRUMENTEN ...................................................................................................... 44
4.7. TRENDS .......................................................................................................................................... 46
4.7.1. Unproctored internet testing .................................................................................................... 46
4.7.2. Internationale selectie .............................................................................................................. 46
4.7.3. Sociale media en selectie: nieuwe signalen voor talent? ..............................................................47
4.7.4. Big data en artificiële intelligentie ..............................................................................................47
4.7.5. Gamification, serious games en virtual reality ............................................................................47
5. TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING...................................................................................................... 48
5.1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ........................................................................................................... 48
5.3. DE KLASSIEKE, FORMELE BENADERING VAN TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING .......................................................... 48
5.3.1. Analyse van trainingsbehoeften ................................................................................................ 48
5.3.2. Specificatie van trainingsdoelstellingen ..................................................................................... 49
5.3.3. Ontwerp van trainingsinhoud- en methode ............................................................................... 49
5.3.4. Transfer ................................................................................................................................... 53
5.3.5. Evaluatie van training............................................................................................................... 55
5.4. DE NIEUWE, INFORMELE BENADERING VAN TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING ........................................................... 57
5.4.1. Populariteit van informeel leren .................................................................................................57
5.4.2. Het informeel leerproces: een conceptueel model ...................................................................... 58
5.4.3. Facilitatoren van informeel leren .............................................................................................. 58
5.4.4. Informeel leren: een aantal kanttekeningen .............................................................................. 58
5.5. STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................59
5.5.1. Topmanagement en hoger kader .............................................................................................. 59
5.5.2. Lijnmanagement ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.3. Trainer ..................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.4. Trainee .................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.5. Trainingsmanager /.developmentmanager ............................................................................... 59
5.6. TRENDS .......................................................................................................................................... 60
5.6.1. Coaching.................................................................................................................................. 60
5.6.2. Leiderschapstraining ................................................................................................................ 60
6. PRESTATIEMANAGEMENT........................................................................................................... 61
6.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 61
6.2. DOELSTELLINGEN: WAAROM BEOORDELEN? .............................................................................................. 61
6.3. RESULTATEN EN/OF GEDRAG: WAT WORDT BEOORDEELD? ............................................................................ 61
6.4. TYPE BEOORDELINGSINSTRUMENT: HOE WORDT BEOORDEELD? ...................................................................... 61
6.4.1. Rangschikkingsmethodes.......................................................................................................... 61
6.4.2. Beoordelingsschalen................................................................................................................. 62
6.4.3. Methode van de kritische incidenten ......................................................................................... 63
6.4.4. Narratieve beoordeling............................................................................................................. 64
6.4.5. Management by objectives ....................................................................................................... 64
6.5. TYPE BEOORDELAARSTRAINING ..............................................................................................................65
6.6. TYPE BEOORDEAAR: WIE BEOORDEELT? ................................................................................................... 66
6.6.1. Beoordelingen door leidinggevenden ........................................................................................ 66
6.6.2. Beoordelingen door peers ......................................................................................................... 66
6.6.3. Beoordelingen door ondergeschikten ........................................................................................ 66
6.6.4. Zelfbeoordelingen .................................................................................................................... 66
6.6.5. Beoordelingen door hogere leidinggevenden ..............................................................................67
6.6.6. Andere stakeholders ..................................................................................................................67
6.6.7. Multisourcefeedback .................................................................................................................67
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, 6.7. TYPE GESPREKSVORM ......................................................................................................................... 68
6.7.1. Tell-and-sellgesprek.................................................................................................................. 68
6.7.2. Tell-and-listengesprek .............................................................................................................. 69
6.7.3. Problem-solvinggesprek ........................................................................................................... 69
6.7.4. Guidancegesprek...................................................................................................................... 69
6.8. PRESTATIEMANAGEMENT: QUO VADIS? .................................................................................................... 70
6.8.1. Problemen ................................................................................................................................70
6.8.2. Oplossingen ..............................................................................................................................70
6.9. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 72
6.9.1. Informatietechnologie ...............................................................................................................72
6.9.2. Feedbackzoekend gedrag ..........................................................................................................72
6.9.3. Focus op sterktes: Feedforward en Reflected Best Self-Portrait....................................................72
6.9.4. Gamification .............................................................................................................................72
7. BELONING ................................................................................................................................ 73
7.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 73
7.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ............................................................................................................ 73
7.3. INTERNE AFSTEMMING ........................................................................................................................ 73
7.3.1. Rangschikkingsmethode ............................................................................................................ 73
7.3.2. Classificatiemethode .................................................................................................................74
7.3.3. Puntenmethode ........................................................................................................................74
7.3.4. Proces van functiewaardering ....................................................................................................75
7.3.5. Persoonsgebaseerde methode ...................................................................................................75
7.3.6. Besluit: gevolgen van interne afstemming ..................................................................................76
7.4. EXTERNE AFSTEMMING ........................................................................................................................ 76
7.4.1. Determinerende factoren bij competitieve afstemming van het beloningsniveau en het
beloningspakket ..................................................................................................................................... 77
7.4.2. Competitieve afstemming van het beloningsniveau en het beloningspakket ................................ 77
7.4.3. Besluit: gevolgen van externe afstemming .................................................................................79
7.5. DEFINITIEVE LOONSTRUCTUUR ............................................................................................................... 79
7.6. BELONINGSSYSTEMEN ......................................................................................................................... 79
7.6.1. Merit pay ..................................................................................................................................79
7.6.2. Bonussen ................................................................................................................................. 80
7.6.3. Individuele awards ................................................................................................................... 80
7.6.4. Individuele premies (individual incentive plans) ......................................................................... 80
7.6.5. Groepspremies (team incentive plans)....................................................................................... 80
7.6.6. Cashwinstdeling ....................................................................................................................... 80
7.6.7. Winstdeling in aandelen (stock ownership plans) ....................................................................... 81
7.6.8. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar variabele beloning ................................................................ 81
7.6.9. Populariteit van variabele beloningssystemen ........................................................................... 81
7.7. VOORDELEN ..................................................................................................................................... 81
7.7.1. Vormen van voordelen ............................................................................................................. 81
7.7.2. Populariteit van voordelen ........................................................................................................ 82
7.7.3. Criteria bij de samenstelling van een voordelenplan................................................................... 82
7.7.4. Praktische vragen bij de opzet van een voordelenplan ............................................................... 82
7.7.5. Effectiviteit van voordelen ........................................................................................................ 82
7.8. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 83
7.8.1. Beloning in een internationale context ...................................................................................... 83
7.8.2. Beloning van topmanagement .................................................................................................. 83
7.8.3. Beloning en flexibele arbeid ...................................................................................................... 83
7.8.4. Een andere proactieve kijk op voordelen ................................................................................... 83
8. LOOPBAANMANAGEMENT.......................................................................................................... 84
8.1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................................... 84
8.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ........................................................................................................... 84
8.3. LOOPBAAN ...................................................................................................................................... 84
8.4. LOOPBAANPLANNING .......................................................................................................................... 87
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