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Samenvatting Human Resource Management
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Samenvatting op basis van boek + slides + notities --> volledig met uitgeschreven tekst! Vak gegeven door Prof. Dr. Bart Wille 15/20 gehaald
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Human Resource Management1. INTRODUCTIE TOT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 1
1.1. INLEIDING .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. HISTORISCHE SCHETS............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Voor de industriële revolutie ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. De industriële revolutie ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2.3. Welzijnsafdelingen, scientific management, human relations en industrial psychologie ................ 2
1.2.4. Eerste en Tweede Wereldoorlog: definitieve ontwikkeling van het personeelsbeleid ...................... 2
1.2.5. Personeelsbeleid 1945 – 1970..................................................................................................... 3
1.2.6. Van personeelsbeleid naar (strategisch) Human Resource Management ...................................... 3
1.2.7. Human Capital Management (HCM) en het meten van de toegevoegde waarde van HRM ............ 4
1.3. EEN DEFINITIE VAN HRM ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. DE ROLLEN VAN HR-MANAGERS...............................................................................................................5
1.5. OVERZICHT VAN HRM-MODELLEN .......................................................................................................... 6
1.5.1. Michiganmodel .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. Harvardmodel ............................................................................................................................ 6
1.5.3. ‘Europees’ contextueel model van HRM ...................................................................................... 7
1.6. HET TOENEMENDE BELANG VAN METEN: HR-ANALYTICS ................................................................................ 8
1.7. KRITISCHE BESCHOUWINGEN .................................................................................................................. 9
1.8. WETENSCHAPPELIJK BEWIJSMATERIAAL ..................................................................................................... 9
1.9. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 10
1.9.1. Evidence-based HRM ................................................................................................................ 10
1.9.2. Big data en e-HRM ....................................................................................................................11
1.9.3. HR-outsourcing .........................................................................................................................11
1.9.4. Talentmanagement ...................................................................................................................11
1.9.5. Duurzaam HRM ........................................................................................................................11
1.10. OVERZICHT VAN HRM-TIJDSCHRIFTEN ..................................................................................................... 11
2. JOB- EN COMPETENTIEMODELING ............................................................................................... 12
2.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.2. BOUWSTENEN ................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1. Descriptoren ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.2. Informatiebronnen ................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3. Methodes van informatieverzameling ........................................................................................13
2.2.4. Analyse-eenheden .................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3. NADRUK OP TAKEN EN/OF EIGEN: FUNCTIEBESCHRIJVING EN -ANALYSE ............................................................. 14
2.3.1. Functional job analysis (FJA) ..................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2. Taakvragenlijst......................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3. Job element method (JEM) ....................................................................................................... 16
2.3.4. Narratieve taak- en functiebeschrijving ..................................................................................... 16
2.3.5. Kritische-incidententechniek ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.6. Persoonlijkheidsgebaseerde methodes ....................................................................................... 17
2.3.7. Occupational Information Network (O*NET) .............................................................................. 17
2.4. NADRUK OP (STRATEGISCHE) COMPETENTIES: COMPETENTIEMODELING ............................................................ 17
2.4.1. Oorsprong en definitie van competenties ................................................................................... 17
2.4.2. Proces van competentiemanagement ........................................................................................ 17
2.4.3. Verschilllen met functiestudie ................................................................................................... 18
2.4.4. Kritiek op competentiemanagement ......................................................................................... 19
2.5. NADRUK OP MENTALE PROCESSEN: COGNITIEVE TAAKANALYSE ....................................................................... 19
2.6. RELEVANTIE VOOR HRM...................................................................................................................... 19
2.6.1. Rekrutering en selectie ............................................................................................................. 20
2.6.2. Training en ontwikkeling........................................................................................................... 20
2.6.3. Functiewaardering en beloning ................................................................................................. 20
2.6.4. Prestatiebeoordeling en performancemanagement ................................................................... 20
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, 2.6.5. Loopbaanmanagement en successieplanning ............................................................................ 20
2.6.6. Functiedesign ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.7. Ergonomie en veiligheid............................................................................................................ 20
2.6.8. Horizontale en verticale integratie ............................................................................................ 20
2.7. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 21
2.7.1. Het Nieuwe Werken (HNW) ...................................................................................................... 21
2.7.2. Van jobdesign naar jobcrafting ................................................................................................. 21
2.7.3. Strategic job modeling.............................................................................................................. 21
2.7.4. Machine learning en functieanalyse .......................................................................................... 21
3. REKRUTERING EN EMPLOYER BRANDING ...................................................................................... 22
3.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................22
3.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ............................................................................................................22
3.3. RELEVANTIE VAN REKRUTERING ..............................................................................................................22
3.4. REKRUTERINGSMODELLEN ....................................................................................................................22
3.5. UITKOMSTEN VAN REKRUTERING ............................................................................................................ 23
3.6. KLASSIEKE REKRUTERING ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.1. Doelgroep ................................................................................................................................ 24
3.6.2. Boodschap ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.3. Kanaal ..................................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.4. Timing ......................................................................................................................................27
3.6.5. Rekruteerders .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.7. EMPLOYER BRANDING ........................................................................................................................ 28
3.7.1. Employer brand........................................................................................................................ 28
3.7.2. Employer branding ................................................................................................................... 29
3.8. ALTERNATIEVE SOLLICITANTENPOPULATIE ................................................................................................. 30
3.8.1. Diverse sollicitantenpopulatie ................................................................................................... 30
3.8.2. Minder gekwalificeerde sollicitantenpopulatie ............................................................................31
3.9. ARBEIDSVOORWAARDEN ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.10. STRATEGIEKEUZE ................................................................................................................................ 31
3.11. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 32
3.11.1. ‘Strange’ rekruteringsmethodes ........................................................................................... 32
3.11.2. Personalisatie ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.11.3. Candidate experience........................................................................................................... 32
4. SELECTIE EN ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 33
4.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 33
4.2. CRITERIUMDOMEIN: WAT IS FUNCTIEPRESTATIE? ........................................................................................ 33
4.3. CRITERIUMMATEN: HOE METEN WE FUNCTIEPRESTATIE? .............................................................................. 34
4.4. SELECTIECONSTRUCTEN: WELKE KENMERKEN ZIJN VOORSPELLERS? .................................................................. 35
4.4.1. Algemene mentale vaardigheid ................................................................................................ 35
4.4.2. Kennis en ervaring .................................................................................................................... 35
4.4.3. Persoonlijkheid en motivatie ..................................................................................................... 35
4.4.4. Emotionele Intelligentie ............................................................................................................ 35
4.4.5. Belangstelling .......................................................................................................................... 36
4.4.6. Fit tussen persoon en organisatie .............................................................................................. 36
4.4.7. Psychomotorische vaardigheden ............................................................................................... 36
4.5. VOORSPELLENDE INSTRUMENTEN: WELKE SELECTIE-INSTRUMENTEN BESTAAN ER? ............................................... 37
4.5.1. Onderliggend model: sign-model vs. sample-model .................................................................... 37
4.5.2. Sollicitatieformulier ................................................................................................................... 37
4.5.3. Referenties................................................................................................................................ 37
4.5.4. Kennistests................................................................................................................................ 37
4.5.5. Cognitieve vaardigheidstests .................................................................................................... 38
4.5.6. Emotionele intelligentietests ..................................................................................................... 38
4.5.7. Belangstellingsvragenlijsten...................................................................................................... 38
4.5.8. Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijsten .................................................................................................... 38
4.5.9. Onderzoek naar fysieke geschiktheid ......................................................................................... 39
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, 4.5.10. Interviews............................................................................................................................ 39
4.5.11. Work samples ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.5.12. Assessmentcenters .............................................................................................................. 42
4.5.13. Situational judgment tests ................................................................................................... 43
4.5.14. Integriteitstests ................................................................................................................... 44
4.5.15. Overige selectiemethoden .................................................................................................... 44
4.6. KEUZE UIT SELECTIE-INSTRUMENTEN ...................................................................................................... 44
4.7. TRENDS .......................................................................................................................................... 46
4.7.1. Unproctored internet testing .................................................................................................... 46
4.7.2. Internationale selectie .............................................................................................................. 46
4.7.3. Sociale media en selectie: nieuwe signalen voor talent? ..............................................................47
4.7.4. Big data en artificiële intelligentie ..............................................................................................47
4.7.5. Gamification, serious games en virtual reality ............................................................................47
5. TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING...................................................................................................... 48
5.1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ........................................................................................................... 48
5.3. DE KLASSIEKE, FORMELE BENADERING VAN TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING .......................................................... 48
5.3.1. Analyse van trainingsbehoeften ................................................................................................ 48
5.3.2. Specificatie van trainingsdoelstellingen ..................................................................................... 49
5.3.3. Ontwerp van trainingsinhoud- en methode ............................................................................... 49
5.3.4. Transfer ................................................................................................................................... 53
5.3.5. Evaluatie van training............................................................................................................... 55
5.4. DE NIEUWE, INFORMELE BENADERING VAN TRAINING EN ONTWIKKELING ........................................................... 57
5.4.1. Populariteit van informeel leren .................................................................................................57
5.4.2. Het informeel leerproces: een conceptueel model ...................................................................... 58
5.4.3. Facilitatoren van informeel leren .............................................................................................. 58
5.4.4. Informeel leren: een aantal kanttekeningen .............................................................................. 58
5.5. STAKEHOLDERS ..................................................................................................................................59
5.5.1. Topmanagement en hoger kader .............................................................................................. 59
5.5.2. Lijnmanagement ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.3. Trainer ..................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.4. Trainee .................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5.5. Trainingsmanager /.developmentmanager ............................................................................... 59
5.6. TRENDS .......................................................................................................................................... 60
5.6.1. Coaching.................................................................................................................................. 60
5.6.2. Leiderschapstraining ................................................................................................................ 60
6. PRESTATIEMANAGEMENT........................................................................................................... 61
6.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 61
6.2. DOELSTELLINGEN: WAAROM BEOORDELEN? .............................................................................................. 61
6.3. RESULTATEN EN/OF GEDRAG: WAT WORDT BEOORDEELD? ............................................................................ 61
6.4. TYPE BEOORDELINGSINSTRUMENT: HOE WORDT BEOORDEELD? ...................................................................... 61
6.4.1. Rangschikkingsmethodes.......................................................................................................... 61
6.4.2. Beoordelingsschalen................................................................................................................. 62
6.4.3. Methode van de kritische incidenten ......................................................................................... 63
6.4.4. Narratieve beoordeling............................................................................................................. 64
6.4.5. Management by objectives ....................................................................................................... 64
6.5. TYPE BEOORDELAARSTRAINING ..............................................................................................................65
6.6. TYPE BEOORDEAAR: WIE BEOORDEELT? ................................................................................................... 66
6.6.1. Beoordelingen door leidinggevenden ........................................................................................ 66
6.6.2. Beoordelingen door peers ......................................................................................................... 66
6.6.3. Beoordelingen door ondergeschikten ........................................................................................ 66
6.6.4. Zelfbeoordelingen .................................................................................................................... 66
6.6.5. Beoordelingen door hogere leidinggevenden ..............................................................................67
6.6.6. Andere stakeholders ..................................................................................................................67
6.6.7. Multisourcefeedback .................................................................................................................67
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, 6.7. TYPE GESPREKSVORM ......................................................................................................................... 68
6.7.1. Tell-and-sellgesprek.................................................................................................................. 68
6.7.2. Tell-and-listengesprek .............................................................................................................. 69
6.7.3. Problem-solvinggesprek ........................................................................................................... 69
6.7.4. Guidancegesprek...................................................................................................................... 69
6.8. PRESTATIEMANAGEMENT: QUO VADIS? .................................................................................................... 70
6.8.1. Problemen ................................................................................................................................70
6.8.2. Oplossingen ..............................................................................................................................70
6.9. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 72
6.9.1. Informatietechnologie ...............................................................................................................72
6.9.2. Feedbackzoekend gedrag ..........................................................................................................72
6.9.3. Focus op sterktes: Feedforward en Reflected Best Self-Portrait....................................................72
6.9.4. Gamification .............................................................................................................................72
7. BELONING ................................................................................................................................ 73
7.1. INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................ 73
7.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ............................................................................................................ 73
7.3. INTERNE AFSTEMMING ........................................................................................................................ 73
7.3.1. Rangschikkingsmethode ............................................................................................................ 73
7.3.2. Classificatiemethode .................................................................................................................74
7.3.3. Puntenmethode ........................................................................................................................74
7.3.4. Proces van functiewaardering ....................................................................................................75
7.3.5. Persoonsgebaseerde methode ...................................................................................................75
7.3.6. Besluit: gevolgen van interne afstemming ..................................................................................76
7.4. EXTERNE AFSTEMMING ........................................................................................................................ 76
7.4.1. Determinerende factoren bij competitieve afstemming van het beloningsniveau en het
beloningspakket ..................................................................................................................................... 77
7.4.2. Competitieve afstemming van het beloningsniveau en het beloningspakket ................................ 77
7.4.3. Besluit: gevolgen van externe afstemming .................................................................................79
7.5. DEFINITIEVE LOONSTRUCTUUR ............................................................................................................... 79
7.6. BELONINGSSYSTEMEN ......................................................................................................................... 79
7.6.1. Merit pay ..................................................................................................................................79
7.6.2. Bonussen ................................................................................................................................. 80
7.6.3. Individuele awards ................................................................................................................... 80
7.6.4. Individuele premies (individual incentive plans) ......................................................................... 80
7.6.5. Groepspremies (team incentive plans)....................................................................................... 80
7.6.6. Cashwinstdeling ....................................................................................................................... 80
7.6.7. Winstdeling in aandelen (stock ownership plans) ....................................................................... 81
7.6.8. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar variabele beloning ................................................................ 81
7.6.9. Populariteit van variabele beloningssystemen ........................................................................... 81
7.7. VOORDELEN ..................................................................................................................................... 81
7.7.1. Vormen van voordelen ............................................................................................................. 81
7.7.2. Populariteit van voordelen ........................................................................................................ 82
7.7.3. Criteria bij de samenstelling van een voordelenplan................................................................... 82
7.7.4. Praktische vragen bij de opzet van een voordelenplan ............................................................... 82
7.7.5. Effectiviteit van voordelen ........................................................................................................ 82
7.8. TRENDS ........................................................................................................................................... 83
7.8.1. Beloning in een internationale context ...................................................................................... 83
7.8.2. Beloning van topmanagement .................................................................................................. 83
7.8.3. Beloning en flexibele arbeid ...................................................................................................... 83
7.8.4. Een andere proactieve kijk op voordelen ................................................................................... 83
8. LOOPBAANMANAGEMENT.......................................................................................................... 84
8.1. INLEIDING ....................................................................................................................................... 84
8.2. TERMINOLOGISCHE AFBAKENING ........................................................................................................... 84
8.3. LOOPBAAN ...................................................................................................................................... 84
8.4. LOOPBAANPLANNING .......................................................................................................................... 87
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