Consumer Behavior Final Exam: Chapter 1-14
Questions and Answers Grade A+ 2023
age cohort - -People who were born in the same time period and share historical experiences.
-accommodation - -Modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience.
-assimilation - -Applying an existing schema to a new experience.
-chronosystem - -The time-based dimension that can alter the operation of all other systems in
Bronfenbrenner's model, from microsystem through macrosystem.
-classical conditioning - -A type of learning in which a new stimulus is repeatedly presented with
a familiar stimulus until an individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as
the familiar stimulus.
-cognitive social learning theory - -A theory that stresses the importance of observation and
imitation in the acquisition of new behaviors, with learning mediated by cognitive processes.
-critical period - -A specific time in an organism's development during which external factors
have a unique and irreversible impact.
-desensitization - -Classical conditioning therapy used to overcome phobias and fears through
exposure to increasingly intense versions of the feared stimulus.
The process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a stimulus or event.
-domain specificity - -Processes of development are different for different types of behavior, for
example, moral judgments, manners, and peer relationships.
-Drive-reduction theory - -A version of learning theory suggesting that the association of
stimulus and response in classical and operant conditioning results in learning only if it is
accompanied by reduction of basic primary drives such as hunger and thirst.
-ecological theory - -A theory stressing the influences of environmental systems and the relations
between the systems on development.
-ego - -In Freud's theory, the rational component of the personality, which tries to satisfy needs
through appropriate, socially acceptable behavior.
-egocentric - -Tending to view the world from one's own perspective and to have difficulty
seeing things from another's viewpoint.
,-Electra complex - -According to Freud, girls blame their mother for their lack of a penis and
focus their sexual feelings on their father.
-equifinality - -The convergence of developmental paths in which children follow very different
paths to reach the same developmental end point.
-ethological theory - -A theory that behavior must be viewed in a particular context and as
having adaptive or survival value.
-exosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the collection of settings that impinge on a
child's development but in which the child does not play a direct role.
-generativity - -A concern for people besides oneself, especially a desire to nurture and guide
younger people and contribute to the next generation.
-id - -In Freud's theory, instinctual drives that operate on the basis of the pleasure principle.
-life history theory - -The schedule of key events over the life course is influenced by natural
selection to produce the largest possible number of surviving offspring and thus maximize the
successful passing on of the organism's genes.
-macrosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the system that surrounds the
microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem, representing the values, ideologies, and laws of the
society or culture.
-maturation - -A biologically determined process of growth that unfolds over a period of time.
-mesosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the interrelation among the components
of the microsystem.
-microsystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the context in which children live and
interact with the people and institutions closest to them, such as parents, peers, and school.
-multifinality - -The divergence of developmental paths in which two individuals start out
similarly but end at very different points.
-object permanence - -The realization in infancy that objects and people do not cease to exist
when they are no longer visible.
-Oedipus complex - -Freud's theory that boys become attracted to their mother and jealous of
their father.
-operant conditioning - -A type of learning that depends on the consequence of the behavior;
rewards increase the likelihood that a behavior will recur, but punishment decreases that
likelihood.
, -psychodynamic theory - -Freud's theory that development is determined by innate biologically
based drives shaped by encounters with the environment in early childhood.
-psychosocial theory - -Erikson's theory that each stage of development depends on
accomplishing a psychological task in interactions with the social environment.
-social dyad - -A pair of social partners, such as friends, parent and child, or marital partners.
-social information-processing theory - -An explanation of a person's social behavior in terms of
his or her assessment and evaluation of the social situation as a guide deciding on a course of
social action.
-sociocultural theory - -Vygotsky's theory that development emerges from interactions with more
skilled people and the institutions and tools provided by the culture.
-superego - -In Freud's theory, the personality component that is the repository of the child's
internalization of parental or societal values, morals, and roles.
-systems - -Developmental contexts made up of interacting parts or components, for example, a
family.
-transactional - -Ongoing interchanges between social partners such as a parent and child across
time that result in modifications of the social behavior of each.
-zone of proximal development - -The difference between children's level of performance while
working alone and while working with more experienced partners.
-case study - -A form of research in which investigators study an individual person or group
intensely.
-construct - -An idea or concept, especially a complex one such as aggression or love.
-cortisol - -A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to any kind of physical or
psychological stress.
-cross-sectional design - -A research design in which researchers compare groups of individuals
of different age levels at approximately the same point in time.
-dependent variable - -The factor that researchers expect to change as a function of change in the
independent variable.
-direct observation - -Researchers go into settings in the real world or bring participants into the
laboratory to observe behaviors of interest.
-ecological validity - -The degree to which a research study accurately represents events or
processes that occur in the real world.
Questions and Answers Grade A+ 2023
age cohort - -People who were born in the same time period and share historical experiences.
-accommodation - -Modifying an existing schema to fit a new experience.
-assimilation - -Applying an existing schema to a new experience.
-chronosystem - -The time-based dimension that can alter the operation of all other systems in
Bronfenbrenner's model, from microsystem through macrosystem.
-classical conditioning - -A type of learning in which a new stimulus is repeatedly presented with
a familiar stimulus until an individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as
the familiar stimulus.
-cognitive social learning theory - -A theory that stresses the importance of observation and
imitation in the acquisition of new behaviors, with learning mediated by cognitive processes.
-critical period - -A specific time in an organism's development during which external factors
have a unique and irreversible impact.
-desensitization - -Classical conditioning therapy used to overcome phobias and fears through
exposure to increasingly intense versions of the feared stimulus.
The process by which people show diminished emotional reaction to a stimulus or event.
-domain specificity - -Processes of development are different for different types of behavior, for
example, moral judgments, manners, and peer relationships.
-Drive-reduction theory - -A version of learning theory suggesting that the association of
stimulus and response in classical and operant conditioning results in learning only if it is
accompanied by reduction of basic primary drives such as hunger and thirst.
-ecological theory - -A theory stressing the influences of environmental systems and the relations
between the systems on development.
-ego - -In Freud's theory, the rational component of the personality, which tries to satisfy needs
through appropriate, socially acceptable behavior.
-egocentric - -Tending to view the world from one's own perspective and to have difficulty
seeing things from another's viewpoint.
,-Electra complex - -According to Freud, girls blame their mother for their lack of a penis and
focus their sexual feelings on their father.
-equifinality - -The convergence of developmental paths in which children follow very different
paths to reach the same developmental end point.
-ethological theory - -A theory that behavior must be viewed in a particular context and as
having adaptive or survival value.
-exosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the collection of settings that impinge on a
child's development but in which the child does not play a direct role.
-generativity - -A concern for people besides oneself, especially a desire to nurture and guide
younger people and contribute to the next generation.
-id - -In Freud's theory, instinctual drives that operate on the basis of the pleasure principle.
-life history theory - -The schedule of key events over the life course is influenced by natural
selection to produce the largest possible number of surviving offspring and thus maximize the
successful passing on of the organism's genes.
-macrosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the system that surrounds the
microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem, representing the values, ideologies, and laws of the
society or culture.
-maturation - -A biologically determined process of growth that unfolds over a period of time.
-mesosystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the interrelation among the components
of the microsystem.
-microsystem - -In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, the context in which children live and
interact with the people and institutions closest to them, such as parents, peers, and school.
-multifinality - -The divergence of developmental paths in which two individuals start out
similarly but end at very different points.
-object permanence - -The realization in infancy that objects and people do not cease to exist
when they are no longer visible.
-Oedipus complex - -Freud's theory that boys become attracted to their mother and jealous of
their father.
-operant conditioning - -A type of learning that depends on the consequence of the behavior;
rewards increase the likelihood that a behavior will recur, but punishment decreases that
likelihood.
, -psychodynamic theory - -Freud's theory that development is determined by innate biologically
based drives shaped by encounters with the environment in early childhood.
-psychosocial theory - -Erikson's theory that each stage of development depends on
accomplishing a psychological task in interactions with the social environment.
-social dyad - -A pair of social partners, such as friends, parent and child, or marital partners.
-social information-processing theory - -An explanation of a person's social behavior in terms of
his or her assessment and evaluation of the social situation as a guide deciding on a course of
social action.
-sociocultural theory - -Vygotsky's theory that development emerges from interactions with more
skilled people and the institutions and tools provided by the culture.
-superego - -In Freud's theory, the personality component that is the repository of the child's
internalization of parental or societal values, morals, and roles.
-systems - -Developmental contexts made up of interacting parts or components, for example, a
family.
-transactional - -Ongoing interchanges between social partners such as a parent and child across
time that result in modifications of the social behavior of each.
-zone of proximal development - -The difference between children's level of performance while
working alone and while working with more experienced partners.
-case study - -A form of research in which investigators study an individual person or group
intensely.
-construct - -An idea or concept, especially a complex one such as aggression or love.
-cortisol - -A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to any kind of physical or
psychological stress.
-cross-sectional design - -A research design in which researchers compare groups of individuals
of different age levels at approximately the same point in time.
-dependent variable - -The factor that researchers expect to change as a function of change in the
independent variable.
-direct observation - -Researchers go into settings in the real world or bring participants into the
laboratory to observe behaviors of interest.
-ecological validity - -The degree to which a research study accurately represents events or
processes that occur in the real world.
