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Uitgebreide samenvatting - Sociale Statistiek
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In dit document staat alles wat je moet weten om te slagen voor het theoretische gedeelte van het vak Sociale Statistiek.
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STATISTIEKSociale wetenschappen
2022 - 2023
, INHOUDSOPGAVE
INHOUDSOPGAVE ........................................................................................................................ 1
LES 1: INLEIDING........................................................................................................................... 6
HOOFDSTUK 1: VAN ONDERZOEKSVRAAG NAAR DATA-ANALYSE................................................... 6
1. DOEL VAN STATISTIEK ................................................................................................................. 6
2. VAN STEEKPROEF NAAR POPULATIE ................................................................................................ 8
LES 2: METEN EN MEETNIVEAUS ................................................................................................. 11
ONDERZOEKSCYCLUS ....................................................................................................................... 11
METEN VAN GEGEVENS .................................................................................................................... 11
NOMINAAL MEETNIVEAU .................................................................................................................. 14
ORDINAAL MEETNIVEAU ................................................................................................................... 14
INTERVAL MEETNIVEAU .................................................................................................................... 14
RATIO VARIABELE ........................................................................................................................... 15
DATAMATRIX ................................................................................................................................. 17
VAN PROBLEEM NAAR ANALYSE ......................................................................................................... 17
LES 3: FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN (DEEL 1) .................................................................................. 20
GEOBSERVEERDE VS LATENTE VARIABELE ............................................................................................. 21
LATENT CONSTRUCT ........................................................................................................................ 21
GEMIDDELDE SOMSCHAAL ................................................................................................................ 21
FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN................................................................................................................. 22
1. NOMINALE V .......................................................................................................................... 22
ABSOLUTE & RELATIEVE FREQUENTIES ................................................................................................. 23
STAAF- EN CIRKELDIAGRAM ............................................................................................................... 24
CUMULATIEVE FREQUENTIES ............................................................................................................. 27
KWANTIELFUNCTIE .......................................................................................................................... 27
KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELEN ............................................................................................................ 28
KWANTITATIEVE VARIABELEN: ABSOLUTE, RELATIEVE EN CUMULATIEVE FREQUENTIES ...................................... 28
UITSCHIETERS ‘OUTLIERS’ ................................................................................................................. 29
LES 4 : FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN (DEEL 2) ................................................................................. 30
IN KLASSEN GROEPEREN ................................................................................................................... 31
HISTOGRAM .................................................................................................................................. 33
VORMEN VAN FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN .............................................................................................. 35
1
,LES 4: FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN DEEL 2 + CENTRUMMATEN ...................................................... 36
UNIVARIATE BESCHRIJVENDE STATISTIEKEN ........................................................................................... 36
CENTRUMMATEN ........................................................................................................................... 36
4 KWARTIELEN ............................................................................................................................... 38
LES 5: SPREIDINGSKENMERKEN................................................................................................... 40
GETRIMD GEMIDDELDE .................................................................................................................... 40
GEWOGEN GEMIDDELDE ................................................................................................................... 41
SPREIDINGSKENMERKEN ................................................................................................................... 41
1. BEREIK/RANGE........................................................................................................................ 42
2. KWANTIELAFSTANDEN .............................................................................................................. 42
3. VARIANTIE EN STANDAARDAFWIJKING (STANDAARDDEVIATIE) ............................................................ 43
DEVIATIESCORE .............................................................................................................................. 44
VARIANTIE: BEREKENING .................................................................................................................. 45
IN KLASSEN GEGROEPEERD (VIA KLASSENMIDDENS) OF DISCR V .................................................................. 46
STANDAARDAFWIJKING .................................................................................................................... 47
VERDELINGSVORMEN ...................................................................................................................... 49
LES 6: VORMMATEN, BOXPLOT EN TRANSFORMATIES ................................................................. 50
SKEWNESS = SCHEEFHEID .................................................................................................................. 51
KURTOSIS = GEPIEKTHEID.................................................................................................................. 51
BOXPLOT ...................................................................................................................................... 52
TRANSFORMATIES........................................................................................................................... 55
VERSCHUIVEN OVER AFSTAND A (WAARDES OPTELLEN/AFTREKKEN) ............................................................ 55
HERSCHALEN MET FACTOR B (WAARDES VERMENIGVULDIGEN) ................................................................... 56
COMBINATIE VAN VERSCHUIVING EN HERSCHALING ................................................................................. 56
Z-TRANSFORMATIE ......................................................................................................................... 56
LINK MET LINEAIRE TRANSFORMATIE ................................................................................................... 57
Z-SCORE: RELATIEVE POSITIE .............................................................................................................. 58
DE STANDAARD NORMALE VERDELING ................................................................................................. 58
LES 7: KANSEN EN KANSVERDELINGEN (DEEL 1) ........................................................................... 61
OPSTAP NAAR INDUCTIEVE STATISTIEK ................................................................................................. 61
KANSUITSPRAKEN ........................................................................................................................... 62
SP GROOTHEID/ STATISTIEK EN POPULATIEPARAMETER ............................................................................ 62
KANSBEGRIP.................................................................................................................................. 63
THEORETISCHE VS EMPIRISCHE KANS ................................................................................................... 64
KANSVERDELINGEN VOOR DISCRETE TOEVALSVARIABELEN ......................................................................... 68
LES 8: KANSVERDELINGEN VOOR CONTINUE TOEVALSVARIABELE ................................................ 70
2
, KANSDICHTHEID F ........................................................................................................................... 70
TOT OPP ONDER F (DICHTHEIDSCURVE) = 1 ........................................................................................... 71
BIJZONDERE KANSVERDELINGEN ......................................................................................................... 72
NORMAAL VERDELING ..................................................................................................................... 75
STANDAARD NORMALE VERDELING ..................................................................................................... 76
KANSEN BEREKENEN ONDER DE (STANDAARD) NORMAAL VERDELING .......................................................... 76
KANSEN LEZEN IN DE SNV ................................................................................................................ 77
HOE AFLEZEN IN KANSENTABEL? ......................................................................................................... 78
LES 9: KANSEN EN KANSVERDELINGEN (DEEL 3) + STEEKPROEVENVERDELING .............................. 80
KANSEN BEREKENEN ONDER DE SNV: TOEPASSINGEN .............................................................................. 80
KANSEN BEREKENEN ONDER DE BINOMIAAL VERDELING: TOEPASSINGEN....................................................... 81
CONTINUÏTEITSCORRECTIE................................................................................................................. 82
INDUCTIEVE STATISTIEK: STEEKPROEVENVERDELING ................................................................................. 83
STEEKPROEFERROR E ....................................................................................................................... 83
TOEGEPAST: GEM ALS TOEVALSVARIABELE ............................................................................................ 84
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING ................................................................................................................ 85
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING: CENTRUM EN SPREIDING ............................................................................... 86
WET VAN DE GROTE AANTALLEN......................................................................................................... 86
STEEKPROEVENVERDELING ................................................................................................................ 86
LES 10: CENTRALE LIMIETSTELLING EN HYPOTHESETESTEN (DEEL 1) ............................................. 88
OPBOUW NAAR CENTRALE LIMIETSTELLING (CLS) ................................................................................... 88
CENTRALE LIMIETSTELLING (CLS) ........................................................................................................ 89
CONCLUSIE ................................................................................................................................... 90
GEVOLGEN CENTRALE LIMIETSTELLING.................................................................................................. 90
TOEPASSINGEN VAN DE CENTRALE LIMIETSTELLING .................................................................................. 91
EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN SCHATTERS ....................................................................................................... 92
HYPOTHESETESTEN ......................................................................................................................... 94
LES 11: HYPOTHESETESTEN DEEL 2 .............................................................................................. 95
STAP 1 A) HYPOTHESEN FORMULEREN (ALGEMEEN) ................................................................................ 95
STAP 1 B) ASSUMPTIES CHECKEN ........................................................................................................ 96
STAP 2) BEPALEN VAN SIGNIFICANTIENIVEAU Α EN KRITIEK GEBIED .............................................................. 96
STAP 3) TESTSTATISTIEK EN TESTWAARDE BEREKENEN .............................................................................. 97
STAP 4) BESLISSEN OVER NULHYPOTHESE EN CONCLUSIE ........................................................................... 98
‘SIGNIFICANT’ RESULTAAT ................................................................................................................. 99
EIGENSCHAPPEN: Z-TESTSTATISTIEK AFHANKELIJK VAN VERSCH FACTOREN .................................................... 99
COHEN’S D...................................................................................................................................100
LIMIET AAN DEZE HYPOTHESETEST! ....................................................................................................100
HYP TEST 2: TEST VOOR HET POP GEM, INDIEN S ONGEKEND IS .................................................................. 101
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