Summary

Samenvatting Psychologie en Rechtspsychologie

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Course
Psychologie en Rechtspsychologie (1000RECPSY)

Institution
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)

!! Stuur mij een DM op fb, daar verkoop ik de samenvatting aan een GOEDKOPERE prijs !! In dit document worden de lessen van het academiejaar van psychologie en rechtspsychologie weergegeven. Zowel de lessen die voortvloeien uit het handboek, als de gastcolleges zijn hierin verwerkt.

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Uploaded on May 23, 2023
Number of pages 137
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

psychologische wetenschap
geheugen
experimenten sociale p
onderzoeksmethoden in de psychologie
leerprocessen leren en omgeving
sociale psychologie sociale perceptie
attitudes en sociale beïnvloeding

Institution
Universiteit Antwerpen (UA)
Education
Bachelor In De Rechten
Course
Psychologie en Rechtspsychologie (1000RECPSY)

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INHOUDSOPGAVE

DEEL 0 INLEIDING (GEWOON LEZEN) ............................................................................................... 8
1. 2 filmfragmenten ............................................................................................................................ 8
2. Betekenis ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Doel ................................................................................................................................................. 8
4. Inhoud ............................................................................................................................................. 8
5. Examen............................................................................................................................................ 8

DEEL 1 INLEIDING IN DE PSYCHOLOGIE ALS WETENSCHAP ............................................................... 9

H1 – GEEST, GEDRAG EN PSYCHOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAP .............................................................. 9
1. Wat is psychologie?......................................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Psychologie is een combinatie van ‘psyche’ en ‘logos’ ............................................................ 9
1.2. Psychologie is geen psychiatrie ................................................................................................ 9
2. Lang verleden, korte geschiedenis ................................................................................................ 10
2.1. Lang verleden: huis-, tuin- en keukenpscyhologie, pseudopsychologie................................. 10
2.2. Korte geschiedenis: psychologie als wetenschap (1879) ....................................................... 10
2.3. Onderscheid tussen psychologie en pseudopsychologie ....................................................... 10
2.4. “Eerste indruk” ....................................................................................................................... 11
3. Verschillende manieren om psychologie te bedrijven ................................................................... 12
4. Impact van de psychologie op dagdagelijkse leven....................................................................... 12
4.1. Voorbeelden uit het dagelijks leven: ...................................................................................... 13
4.2. Recente onderzoek ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Belangrijkste Perspectieven en stromingen .................................................................................. 14
5.1. Biologische perspectief........................................................................................................... 16
5.2. Cognitief perspectief .............................................................................................................. 17
5.3. Behavioristisch perspectief .................................................................................................... 19
5.4. Perspectieven vanuit de hele persoon ................................................................................... 20
5.5. Ontwikkelingsperspectief ....................................................................................................... 24
5.6. Sociocultureel perspectief ...................................................................................................... 24
5.7. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................ 25
6. Deelgebieden ................................................................................................................................ 26
6.1. Algemeen................................................................................................................................ 26
6.2. Klinische psychologie .............................................................................................................. 26
6.3. Ontwikkelingspsychologie ...................................................................................................... 27
6.4. Sociale psychologie................................................................................................................. 27
6.5. Arbeids- en organisatiepsychologie........................................................................................ 27
6.6. Persoonlijkheidspsychologie .................................................................................................. 27

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,Ivana Raspudic 2022-2023

6.7. Leerpsychologie ...................................................................................................................... 28
6.8. Gezondheidspsychologie ........................................................................................................ 28
6.9. Andere deelgebieden ............................................................................................................. 28

H2 - ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN IN DE PSYCHOLOGIE ...................................................................... 30
1. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ........................................................................................................ 30
1.1. Verschillende soorten wetenschappelijk onderzoek .............................................................. 30
1.2. Twee centrale kwaliteitseisen: ............................................................................................... 31
2. Stap 1. Fenomenen en probleemstelling ....................................................................................... 32
2.1. Fenomeen: onderwerp ........................................................................................................... 32
2.2. Probleemstelling binnen het fenomeen ................................................................................. 32
3. Stap 2. Onderzoeksvraag .............................................................................................................. 32
4. Stap 3. Soort onderzoek, doelen, hypotheses................................................................................ 33
4.1. Soort onderzoek ..................................................................................................................... 33
4.2. Theorie: twee benaderingen .................................................................................................. 34
4.3. Doelen versus hypotheses ...................................................................................................... 34
4.4. Concepten (onderzoeksvraag/hypotheses)............................................................................ 35
5. Stap 4. benadering ........................................................................................................................ 36
5.1. Twee perspectieven ............................................................................................................... 36
6. Design ........................................................................................................................................... 36
6.1. Experiment ............................................................................................................................. 37
6.2. Survey ..................................................................................................................................... 39
6.3. Gevalsstudie ........................................................................................................................... 40
6.4. Correlationeel design ............................................................................................................. 41
6.5. Observatie-onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 41
7. Dataverzamelingsmethoden ......................................................................................................... 42
7.1. Drie types van dragers ............................................................................................................ 42
7.2. Soorten dataverzamelingsmethoden ..................................................................................... 42
7.3. Aantal respodenten/steekproef ............................................................................................. 43
8. Data-analyse ................................................................................................................................. 43
9. Rapportage ................................................................................................................................... 44
9.1. Resultaten van empirisch onderzoek gevoerd door psychologen worden gepubliceerd in
rapport -> openbaar (databanken)................................................................................................ 44
9.2. Repliceren van onderzoek ...................................................................................................... 44
9.3. Publicatie in functie van kritische reflectie (andere: congres, media…)................................. 44
9.4. Doelpubliek: experten, leken… ............................................................................................... 44
9.5. Voorlopig karakter van onderzoeksbevindingen .................................................................... 45
10. Sterktes en zwaktes ..................................................................................................................... 45
10.1. Wat maakt je onderzoek sterker? ........................................................................................ 45
10.2. Fouten – vertekeningen bij onderzoekers ............................................................................ 45
10.3. Ethische kwesties ................................................................................................................. 46

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DEEL 2: PSYCHOLOGISCHE THEMA’S .............................................................................................. 47

H1 - LEERPROCESSEN: LEREN EN OMGEVING ................................................................................. 47
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................... 47
1.1. Begrip ..................................................................................................................................... 47
1.2. Eenvoudige en complexe vormen van leren .......................................................................... 47
2. Klassieke conditionering: pavlov (behaviorisme: 1902) ................................................................ 48
2.1. Algemeen................................................................................................................................ 48
2.2. Kernpunten............................................................................................................................. 49
2.3. Andere voorbeelden ............................................................................................................... 50
3. Operante conditionering: skinner (behaviorisme) ......................................................................... 51
3.1. Algemeen................................................................................................................................ 51
3.2. Kernpunten............................................................................................................................. 51
3.3. Vergelijking tussen operante en klassieke conditionering ..................................................... 53
4. Inzichtelijk leren: Kohler (cognitieve theorie, 1927) ...................................................................... 54
5. Sociaal leren: Bandura (cognitieve theorie, 1961-1963) ............................................................... 54
6. Sociaal constructivisme ................................................................................................................. 55

H2 - GEHEUGEN ............................................................................................................................ 56
1. Geheugen ...................................................................................................................................... 56
1.1. Begrip ..................................................................................................................................... 56
1.2. Voorbeelden ........................................................................................................................... 57
2. Drie essentiële functies van het geheugen .................................................................................... 57
2.1. Fase 1: waarnemen en coderen -> encoding.......................................................................... 57
2.2. Fase 2: opslaan en retentie -> storage ................................................................................... 57
2.3. Fase 3: terughalen -> retrieval................................................................................................ 58
3. Werking: hoe worden herinneringen gevormd? ........................................................................... 58
3.1. Schema ................................................................................................................................... 58
3.2. Werking .................................................................................................................................. 59
4. Hoe herinneringen ophalen? ......................................................................................................... 63
4.1. Onderscheid tussen twee soorten herinneringen: ................................................................. 63
4.2. Het ophalen van herinneringen aan de hand van ophaalaanwijzingen (retrieval cues) ........ 63
4.3. Andere beïnvloedende factoren zijn: ..................................................................................... 64
5. Problemen ..................................................................................................................................... 64
5.1. Fabelachtig geheugen............................................................................................................. 64
5.2. Verminderde werking geheugen ............................................................................................ 64
5.3. Problemen met herinneren: 7 zonden ................................................................................... 64
6. Verbeteren van geheugen door Mnemonieken ............................................................................. 68

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H 3.1. - SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE: SOCIALE PERCEPTIE, ATTITUDES EN SOCIALE BEÏNVLOEDING ....... 69
1. Sociale psychologie ....................................................................................................................... 69
2. Sociale situatie en gedrag ............................................................................................................. 69
2.1. Sociale gedragsnormen .......................................................................................................... 69
2.2. Conformisme .......................................................................................................................... 71
2.3. Intermezzo: perceptuele illusies............................................................................................. 75
2.4. Autoriteit ................................................................................................................................ 75
3. Constructie van de sociale werkelijkheid ....................................................................................... 78
3.1. Interpersoonlijke aantrekkingskracht..................................................................................... 78
3.2. Cognitieve attributie............................................................................................................... 79
3.3. Vooroordeel en discriminatie ................................................................................................. 80
4. Systemen en gedrag ...................................................................................................................... 81
4.1. Stanford prison experiment ................................................................................................... 82
4.2. Lucifer-effect .......................................................................................................................... 82

H3.2. – EXPERIMENTEN SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE ............................................................................ 83
1. Gehoorzaamheid -Miligram .......................................................................................................... 83
1.1. Wanneer? ............................................................................................................................... 83
1.2. Wat? ....................................................................................................................................... 83
1.3. Kritiek?.................................................................................................................................... 83
1.4. Conclusie?............................................................................................................................... 83
2. BYSTANDER effect (kitty genovese) ............................................................................................... 84
2.1. Wanneer ................................................................................................................................. 84
2.2. Wat? ....................................................................................................................................... 84
2.3. Kritiek?.................................................................................................................................... 84
2.4. Conclusie?............................................................................................................................... 85
3. De kracht van het systeem – Stanford prison Experiment (Zimbardo) .......................................... 85
3.1. Wanneer? ............................................................................................................................... 85
3.2. Wat? ....................................................................................................................................... 85
3.3. Kritiek?.................................................................................................................................... 85
3.4. Conclusie?............................................................................................................................... 86
4. Conclusie ....................................................................................................................................... 86

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DEEL 3: INLEIDING IN DE RECHTSPSYCHOLOGIE EN RECHTSPSYCHOLOGISCHE THEMA’S ................ 87

H1 - RECHT EN PSYCHOLOGIE ........................................................................................................ 87
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................... 87
2. Plaats en geschiedenis van de rechtspsychologie ......................................................................... 88
2.1. Historiek ................................................................................................................................. 88
2.2. Hulpwetenschappen............................................................................................................... 88
2.3. Rechtspsychologisch onderzoek ............................................................................................. 89
2.4. Academische spreiding ........................................................................................................... 89
3. Recht en psychologie: een paar apart ........................................................................................... 90
4. Mensvisie ...................................................................................................................................... 91
4.1. Behaviorisme (1900)............................................................................................................... 91
4.2. Psychoanalyse (1900) ............................................................................................................. 92
4.3. Humanisme (1950) ................................................................................................................. 92
4.4. Cognitieve psychologie (1970) ............................................................................................... 93
4.5. Recht en psychologie – integratie .......................................................................................... 93

H2 – REFLECTIE EN RECHTSPSYCHOLOGIE EN RECHTSPSYCHOLOGISCHE THEMA’S ......................... 94
1. Recht en psychologie: reflectie ...................................................................................................... 94
1.1. Moeizaam debat tussen juristen en rechtspsychologen ........................................................ 94
1.2. Maar nog steeds een kloof tussen juristen en rechtspsychologen: ....................................... 95
2. Rechtspsychologische thema’s ...................................................................................................... 96
2.1. Opsporen ................................................................................................................................ 97
2.2. Slachtoffer .............................................................................................................................. 97
2.3. Getuigen ................................................................................................................................. 97
2.4. Verdachte ............................................................................................................................... 98
2.5. Beslissen ................................................................................................................................. 99
2.6. Straffen ................................................................................................................................... 99

H3 – HET VERHOREN VAN VERDACHTEN ..................................................................................... 100
1. Rechten ....................................................................................................................................... 100
1.1. Mededeling rechten ............................................................................................................. 100
1.2. Zwijgrecht ............................................................................................................................. 101
2. Verhoormodel ............................................................................................................................. 103
2.1. Verhoorsrijl: .......................................................................................................................... 103
2.2. Modellen .............................................................................................................................. 104
2.3. Technieken ........................................................................................................................... 105
3. (Valse) bekentenissen.................................................................................................................. 107
3.1. Waarom bekennen verdachten? .......................................................................................... 107
3.2. Soorten valse bekentenissen ................................................................................................ 108
3.3. Elementen die valse bekentenis kunnen uitlokken .............................................................. 108

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4. Gerechtelijke dwalingen .............................................................................................................. 108
5. Safeguards (=waarborgen) ......................................................................................................... 109
6. Minderjarige verdachten............................................................................................................. 110
6.1. Individuele variabelen .......................................................................................................... 110
6.2. Situationele variabelen: politieverhoor ................................................................................ 110
6.3. Verhoormodel ...................................................................................................................... 112
6.4. Verhoortechniek ................................................................................................................... 113
6.5. Aanbevelingen diverse studies ............................................................................................. 113
6.6. Advocaten als waarborg? (BE) .............................................................................................. 114
7. Take home message .................................................................................................................... 114

H4 - KWETSBAARHEID VAN VERDACHTEN IN EEN STRAFPROCEDURE .......................................... 115
1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................... 115
1.1. Omschrijving van kwetsbaarheid ......................................................................................... 115
2.1. Academisch onderzoek............................................................................................................. 115
2.1. Individuele risicofactoren ..................................................................................................... 115
2.2. Situationele risicofactoren ................................................................................................... 116
3. Regelgeving ................................................................................................................................. 117
3.1. EHRM: Rechtspraak .............................................................................................................. 117
3.2. EU ......................................................................................................................................... 118
4. De vaststelling van kwetsbaarheid.............................................................................................. 122
4.1. Belang ................................................................................................................................... 122
4.2. Maar… .................................................................................................................................. 122
4.3. Het faciliteren van een tijdige vaststelling ........................................................................... 122
4.4. Maar… .................................................................................................................................. 123
4.5. Tot besluit ............................................................................................................................. 123

H5 – ALIBI’S................................................................................................................................. 124
1. Achtergrond ................................................................................................................................ 124
2. Zaken en onderzoek .................................................................................................................... 124
2.1. Wat is een alibi? ................................................................................................................... 124
2.2. Alibi vs. Bewijs ...................................................................................................................... 124
2.3. Zaak 1: John Travolta ............................................................................................................ 125
2.4. Zaak 2: Patrick ...................................................................................................................... 128
2.5. Zaak 3: Ronald Cotton .......................................................................................................... 129
2.6. Zaak 4: Arne Dahl ................................................................................................................. 129

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