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VOLLEDIGE SAMENVATTING interpersoonlijke communicatie
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INTERPERSOONLIJKE COMMUNICATIE SAMENVATTINGLES 1: INTRODUCTIE
Cue =/= signal (andere perspectieven op comm)
Cue -> ontvangerperspectief
Signal -> zenderperspectief
Cues & signals: the two sides of meaning making
CUES SIGNALS
THE VERBAL AND/OR NONVERBAL SIGNS A THE SIGNS A SENDER CREATES FOR
RECEIVER USES TO CREATE MEANING OUT STIMULATING MEANING IN THE MIND OF
OF THE PHYSICAL AND/OR SOCIAL WORLD ANOTHER PERSON (OR PERSONS)
(IN THE SOCIAL WORLD)
Defining ‘communication’ : Different perspectives
1. A process
2. An action or activity or a form of behavior
3. An information exchange process
4. A transaction between two or more parties
5. A form of semiosis, that is, something involving sign or meaning creation and sign or meaning
reading
6. …
Note: from intrapersonal to mass mediated communication
Defining ‘communication’ the classic way
1
,Kritiek op Lasswell communicatiemodel :
1. Communicatie is niet unidirectioneel, maar eerder bidirectioneel, of zelfs multidirectioneel
(via SM)
- Rather unidirectional, while IPC generally is bidirectional or even multidirectional.
2. Het begrip ‘kanaal’ en ‘medium’ is vrij vaag → face-to-face, wat is dan het kanaal?
- Concepts like ‘channel’ or ‘medium’: rather vague.
3. ‘Effect’ is more than merely feedback.
4. Modle fovust op W-vragen, maar hoe-vraag blijft buiten beschouwing → wat zijn die cues,
over welke signalen beschikken we? + waarom-vraag blijft ook buiten beschouwing, wat is het
nut. v communiceren?
- Focus on who, what, where & when (channel), but no attention is paid to how (cues and
signals) and why we communicate.
- op deze 2 vragen focussen we in deze cursus
5. Model ziet communicatie al seen informatie-transfer, mr de menselijke geest is mss niet zo
zeer een infoverwerker (het brein mss wel), als je kijkt nr de menselijke geest (de mind) die is
eerder een betekenisverwerker
- Communication is seen as an information transfer between sender and receiver, yet the
brain is not an information processor, but a meaning processor!!!
Is the brain an information processor?
Same concept, idea , meaning
but totally different information!!!
Mona Lisa : als we de 2 naast mkr plaatsen in computer, dan worden de 2 foto’s anders uitgedrukt in
1, 0 dus andere vorm v info maar roepen wel beiden zelfde concept op
Dus brein is meer een betekenisverwerker dan een informatieverwerker
2
,Information or meaning?
- Brad Pitt – uiterlijk communiceert leeftijd
- Alle foto’s in pc bevatten andere info, maar roepen zelfde betekenis op
- 2 verschillende sets v informatie (afbeeldingen van de mona-lisa geblurd, verschillende foto’s
van Brad Pitt) , maar je geeft toch dezelfde betekenis
- → Informatie is totaal verschillend, maar toch ziet ons brein er 2x hetzelfde in
- Eenmaal de betekenis in ons brein actief is, gaan we ook in moeilijker herkenbare foto’s
hetzelfde herkennen (Brad Pitt in verschillende rollen en dus verschillende looks) (Op basis
van informatie ga je een bepaalde betekenis creëren)
Onderzoek v Christof Koch – fMRI
Foto’s van celebrities→voor elke celebrity lichten andere neuronen in ons brein op, elke
celebrity had zijn eigen groepje neuronen die geactiveerd wordt.
▪ heel versch foto’s w getoond, versch looks, … maar elk v die stimuli activeerde
dezelfde neuronen vr dezelfde celebrity (vb halle berry)
The ‘Halle-Berry-Neurons’ were activated:
▪ Whether she was viewed from the left or the right or the front
▪ With or without a hat or sunglasses
▪ Smiling or not
▪ With or without her Cat Woman costume
▪ Or even with only the words ‘Halle Berry’ shown
▪ Ons brein misleidt ons – we kijken niet naar Halle Berry maar naar foto’s van haar
▪ We kennen haar enkel via tekens (foto’s, filmpjes, …) , onderdeel ve hyperrealiteit
Note: fMRI scanner
MRI : foto’s brein
fMRI : je ziet brein in werking
Christof Koch conclusie :
Zolang de betekenis herkenbaar was, ging hetzelfde gebied oplichten → duidt erop da tons
brein eerder betekenis verwerkt dan de informatie
Cf. Phil Barden (Decoded, p.88): ‘Our brain not only answers the question ‘what is it?’ but in
addition decodes what a signal means, what it stands for.’
Defenitie vh teken: iets waar we betekenis waar we aan toe kennen en een teken staat ook in de
plaats vr iets anders (komt later nog terug)
- the brain is meaning processor, not (merely) an information processor
3
, - maar hoe creëren we betekenis? (how-question)
- something that stands for something else (the referent) and to which we attach meaning →
we use signs to communicate, to create meaning in terms of cues or signals. Communication
is impossible without using (creating and interpreting) signs → the HOW question
- → Which signs do you use in your communication ???
- focus op cues en signals
Non-verbale tekens : gezichtsuitdrukking, onze handen, intonatie, afstand houden , oogcontact,
kledij,
PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS
Communication is based on the exchange (transaction) of signs. It connects senders and
receivers via sign processes – based on sign systems – with senders creating signs (signals) and
receivers interpreting signs (cues).
▪ Cue =
- verbale/non-verbale tekens, die een ontvanger gebruikt om betekenis te
creëren
- (originally – now especially used in biology and psychology) a thing said or done
by a movie director that serves to an actor to enter or to begin their action
- → a sign that receivers use to guide their action
▪ Signal =
- tekens die de zender gebruikt om betekenis te creëren
- a thing said or done that is used to convey information – or more exactly
‘meaning’ – to someone else
- → the concept refers to the sender activity of creating signs, not only to
provide information and meaning, but also to influence in this way the actions
of receivers
A better definition of ‘communication’ focusing on meaning
Human communication is the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another
person (or persons) by means of verbal and/or nonverbal messages
A better definition of ‘communication’ focusing on meaning and signs
Human communication is the process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another
person (or persons) by means of verbal and/or nonverbal signs
The brain is a meaning (or sign) processor, not (merely) an information processor!
But how do we create meaning?
A semiotic/sign perspective
4
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