Summary AQA Biology: A Level - Unit 2 - Cells - Transport across cell membranes
Nucleic Acids: Chapter 2 A level AQA Biology
Biological Molecules: Chapter 1 AQA A level Biology
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A Level Biology
Unit 1 - Biological molecules
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1 - Biological molecules
1.1 - Introduction to biological molecules`
Bonding and formation of molecules
1. Covalent Bonding - atoms share a pair of electrons
2. Ionic Bonding - oppositely charged ions attract each other
Weaker than covalent bonds
3. Hydrogen Bonding - polar molecules form a weak electrostatic bond between
each other
Polymerisation + formation of macromolecules
monomers - the smaller repeating units from which larger molecules (polymers) are
made
polymers - made from monomers joined together through condensation reactions
Condensation + Hydrolysis reactions
Condensation reactions - joins two molecules together with the formation of a
chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.
Hydrolysis reactions - breaks the bond between 2 molecules and involves the use of a
water molecule
Metabolism
All the chemical processes that take place in living organisms
The different between the chemical species
1 - Biological molecules 1
, 1.2 - Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
Carbon atoms readily form bonds with other carbon atoms and other atoms.
this makes them a good 'backbone' for complex molecules that are important for
life
Benedict's test for sugars
All monosaccharides are are reducing sugars
1. Blue benedicts' reagent added to sample and heated in water bath
2. Coloured precipitate forms if reducing sugars are present
3. blue - green - yellow - orange - brick red
The precipitate can be measure for a quantitative result
4. For non-reducing sugars such as sucrose, boil with starcdilute HCl to sample in
order to break them down into monosaccharides
5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used to neutralise the solution and numbers 1-4 can
be repeated.
1 - Biological molecules 2
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