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Samenvatting biochemie (opleiding BCBT)
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samenvatting van alle Hfd voor de opleiding BCBT bach 1 Ik behaalde een 17 op 20 voor dit vak.
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SAMENVATTING ALGEMENEBIOCHEMIE
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Jarne Winderickx
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,1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Wat is biochemie....................................................................................................................................................7
1.1.1 Algemene situering..........................................................................................................................................7
1.1.2 Historiek...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Biomoleculen..........................................................................................................................................................7
1.2.1 Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 vier belangrijke groepen..................................................................................................................................7
1.2.2.1 Aminozuren (zie ook H3)..........................................................................................................................8
1.2.2.2 Suikers / Monosachariden........................................................................................................................8
1.2.2.3 Nucleotiden..............................................................................................................................................8
1.2.2.4 Lipiden......................................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3 biologische polymeren....................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3.1 inleiding....................................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3.2 eiwitten / proteïnen.................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3.3 nucleïnezuren / polynucleotiden.............................................................................................................9
1.2.3.4 polysachariden.........................................................................................................................................9
1.2.3.5 opmerking.................................................................................................................................................9
1.3 Energie en Metabolisme........................................................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Inleiding...........................................................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Vrije energie, entropie en enthalpie...............................................................................................................9
1.3.3 Wat zorgt voor spontane reacties?...............................................................................................................10
1.3.4 Waarom is leven thermodynamisch mogelijk?.............................................................................................10
1.4 Oorsprong + evolutie van het leven (chemisch gezien)........................................................................................10
1.4.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................10
1.4.2 De prebiotische (niet-biologische) wereld....................................................................................................11
1.4.3 Oorsprong van moderne cellen.....................................................................................................................11
2. Chemie in waterige omgeving......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Eigenschappen van Water...................................................................................................................................12
2.3 Niet-covalente bindingen in biomoleculen...........................................................................................................12
2.4 Water als oplosmiddel.........................................................................................................................................13
2.5 Het hydrofoob effect............................................................................................................................................14
2.5.1 Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................14
2.5.2 Amfifiele moleculen ondervinden zowel hydrofiele interacties als het hydrofoob effect...........................14
2.5.3 Hydrofobe kern van lipide dubbellaag vormt een barrière voor diffusie.....................................................15
2.5.4 Vele kleintjes maken een goot......................................................................................................................15
2.6 Zuur-base chemie.................................................................................................................................................15
2.6.1 Ionisatie van H2O..........................................................................................................................................15
2.6.2 Protonen en hydroxide ionen zijn omgekeerd geralateerd..........................................................................15
2.6.3 De pH waarde van een oplossing kan variëren.............................................................................................16
2.6.4 pK-waarden geven weer wat de neiging is van zuren om te ioniseren........................................................16
2.6.5 De pH van een oplossing van een zuur staat in verband met pK..................................................................16
2.6.6 Buffers...........................................................................................................................................................16
3. Aminozuren (AZ)............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.1 inleiding................................................................................................................................................................18
3.2 chemische structuur.............................................................................................................................................18
3.3 Algemene eigenschappen....................................................................................................................................18
1
, 3.4 De 20 AZ in eiwitten + chemische eigenschappen...............................................................................................18
3.4.1 Hydrofobe + zonder ladingen AZ (oefenen !!!).............................................................................................18
3.4.2 Polaire + ongeladen AZ (oefenen !!!)............................................................................................................19
3.4.3 Geladen AZ (oefenen !!!)...............................................................................................................................19
3.5 Zuur-base eigenschappen....................................................................................................................................19
3.5.1 Algemeen.......................................................................................................................................................19
3.5.2 De pK-waarde van ioniseerbare groepen hangt af van omliggende groepen..............................................20
3.6 De peptiden..........................................................................................................................................................20
3.6.1 De Peptidebinding.........................................................................................................................................20
3.6.2 Lading van peptiden......................................................................................................................................20
3.7 Stereochemie van AZ............................................................................................................................................21
3.7.1 Chiraliteit.......................................................................................................................................................21
3.7.2 Chirale moleculen geven aanleiding tot vorming van enantiomeren...........................................................21
3.7.3 De fischer projectie beschrijft de configuratie van assym. centra................................................................21
3.7.4 Leven is gebasseerd op chirale moleculen....................................................................................................21
3.8 Niet-standaard AZ................................................................................................................................................22
3.8.1 gederivatiseerde AZ.......................................................................................................................................22
3.8.2 D-aminozuren................................................................................................................................................22
3.8.3 Biologisch actieve AZ en afgeleide structuren..............................................................................................22
3.8.4 AZ in voeding.................................................................................................................................................22
4. Suikers............................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................23
4.2 Monosachariden..................................................................................................................................................23
4.2.1 Classificatie en stereochemie........................................................................................................................23
4.2.1.1 Classificatie volgens aard van carbonylgroep........................................................................................23
4.2.1.2 Classificatie volgens aantal C-atomen....................................................................................................24
4.2.1.3 de te kennen Aldosen en ketosen..........................................................................................................24
4.2.2 configuratie en conformatie..........................................................................................................................24
4.2.2.1 Ringvorming............................................................................................................................................24
4.2.2.2 cyclische suikers hebben 2 anomere vormen........................................................................................24
4.2.2.3 Conformationele variabiliteit van suikers..............................................................................................25
4.2.3 Suikerderivaten.............................................................................................................................................25
4.3 Polysachariden.....................................................................................................................................................26
4.3.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................26
4.3.2 Disachariden..................................................................................................................................................26
4.3.3 Polysachariden als opslagmolecule : zetmeel en glycogeen.........................................................................26
4.3.3.1 zetmeel...................................................................................................................................................26
4.3.3.2 Glycogeen...............................................................................................................................................27
4.3.4 structurele Polysachariden bij planten en invertebraten.............................................................................27
4.3.4.1 Cellulose.................................................................................................................................................27
4.3.4.2 chitine.....................................................................................................................................................27
4.3.5 Structurele polysachariden bij gewervelden: de glycosaminoglycanen.......................................................28
4.4 Proteoglycanen, peptidoglycanen en glycoproteïnen..........................................................................................28
4.4.1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................28
4.4.2 Proteoglycanen..............................................................................................................................................28
4.4.3 Celwand van bacteriën..................................................................................................................................29
4.4.4 Geglycosyleerde eiwitten / Glycoproteïnen..................................................................................................29
4.4.4.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................29
4.4.4.2 N-glycosylering.......................................................................................................................................30
4.4.4.3 O-glycosylering.......................................................................................................................................30
4.4.4.4 Functie van oligosachariden in glycoproteïnen......................................................................................31
4.4.4.4.1 inleiding...........................................................................................................................................31
2
, 4.4.4.4.2 Oligosachariden zijn belangrijke herkenningsprocessen................................................................31
5. Nucleotiden en nucleïnezuren......................................................................................................................... 32
5.1 inleiding................................................................................................................................................................32
5.2 Nucleotiden..........................................................................................................................................................32
5.2.1 Chemische structuur van nucleotiden..........................................................................................................32
5.2.2 ATP en nucleotidederivaten..........................................................................................................................33
5.3 Structuren van nucleïnezuren...............................................................................................................................34
5.3.1 Inleiding: vorming van polynucleotiden........................................................................................................34
5.3.2 de basesamenstelling van DNA.....................................................................................................................34
5.3.3 DNA: de dubbele helix...................................................................................................................................34
5.3.4 Verschillende conformaties van DNA (soort DNA herkennen + verschillen weten).....................................35
5.3.5 conformationele parameters van nucleïnezuren..........................................................................................36
5.3.6 structuurbepaling van nucleotiden...............................................................................................................38
5.3.7 stabiliteit van dubbele helix..........................................................................................................................38
5.3.8 Het genoom...................................................................................................................................................39
5.3.9 genoomsequentiebepaling............................................................................................................................39
5.3.9.1 restrictie enzymen..................................................................................................................................39
5.3.9.2 (gel)elektroforese...................................................................................................................................40
5.3.9.3 DNA sequentiebepaling via dideoxymethode........................................................................................40
5.3.9.4 het humaan genoom..............................................................................................................................40
5.3.10 Enkelstrengige nucleïnezuren.....................................................................................................................41
5.4 functie van nucleïnezuren....................................................................................................................................41
5.4.1 inleiding.........................................................................................................................................................41
5.4.2 DNA als drager van de genetische informatie...............................................................................................41
5.4.2.1 DNA replicatie.........................................................................................................................................42
5.4.2.2 DNA herstelmechanismen......................................................................................................................42
5.4.3 genen dirigeren de eiwitsynthese.................................................................................................................44
5.4.4 genetische code is gedegenereerd en niet-random.....................................................................................44
5.4.5 functie en structuur van ribosomen..............................................................................................................45
5.4.6 RNA-wereld...................................................................................................................................................45
6. Lipiden en cellulaire membranen.................................................................................................................... 45
6.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................45
6.2 Vetzuren...............................................................................................................................................................45
6.3 Triacylglycerol / triglyceriden...............................................................................................................................46
6.4 Fosfolipiden..........................................................................................................................................................47
6.5 Glycolipiden + Sfingolipiden.................................................................................................................................47
6.6 Steroïden: Cholesterol..........................................................................................................................................48
6.7 Fosfolipiden vormen een dubbel laag..................................................................................................................49
6.8 biomembranen: de grenzen van cellen en celorganellen....................................................................................49
6.8.1 Samenstelling van biologische membranen..................................................................................................49
6.8.2 Membraaneiwitten en koolhydraten............................................................................................................49
6.8.2.1 Integrale membraaneiwitten.................................................................................................................50
6.8.3 Transport doorheen de membraan...............................................................................................................50
6.8.3.1 Porines....................................................................................................................................................50
6.8.3.2 Ionenkanalen..........................................................................................................................................51
6.8.3.3 Transporters + specifieke transporteiwitten..........................................................................................51
6.9 membranen als vloeibare systemen....................................................................................................................51
7. Eiwitten: primaire structuur............................................................................................................................ 52
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