First year notes for Human Anatomy and Physiology module. Notes cover everything needed for the two exams at the end of the year. Notes cover the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, neuroendocrine system and general and special senses
Lecture 1 - Physiological Systems and Their Organisation
• Two branches of science that deal with body parts and functions
• Anatomy
o Science of body structures and relationships
o Especially as revealed by first studies of dissection and the separation
(cutting) of parts
o Imaging techniques
• Physiology
o The science of body functions
• Body structure and function
o There is a relationship between form (shape) of a human body part (molecule,
cell, tissue, organ or organ system) and the way is functions (form determines
function)
o Examples
▪ Bones of the skull provide protection for the brain
▪ The membrane between air in the lungs and pulmonary blood flow is
only one cell thick facilitating gas exchange
▪ Sheer size of lungs provides a huge surface for gas exchange
(surface area both lunch is roughly the same size as a tennis court
and airway total length is about 1500 miles)
o In 2020, Stanescu et al surveyed undergrad physiology programmes and
faculty to determine their attitudes about the core concepts of physiology.
Crosswhite et al also surveyed a different group of faculty members about
their use of core concepts of physiology
▪ In all reports, ‘structure/function’ was identified as one of the core
concepts of physiology that students ought to be able to use and
understand
• Fundamental levels of organisation
o It is helpful to consider the body’s basic architecture - how its smallest parts
are assembled into larger structures
o Fundamental levels of organisation increase in complexity
o
• Structural organisation of the human body
o All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique, pure
substances called elements
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