UF SYG2000 EXAM 1 with complete solutions

Sociology - Answer- The scientific study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Underlying assumptions about sociology - Answer- 1) people are social beings. 2) people spend most of their lives in groups 3) people construct social reality through social interaction 4) conflict and change are inevitable 5) all groups have certain organizing characteristics How is human activity organized? - Answer- 1) opportunities 2) disadvantages 3) sense of self 4) relationships with others and the large environment The Sociological imagination - Answer- According to C. Wright Mills, it is "the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society." Social forces - Answer- anything humans create that influence or pressure people to interact, behave, respond, or think in certain ways. (Ex. Cell phone) Social Facts - Answer- collectively imposed ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that have "the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual" (Durkheim) They have a coercive power Sociology offers.. - Answer- 1) questions to guide analysis 2) a vocabulary for answering those questions The industrial revolution () - Answer- -produced goods -grew food -got from one place to another -extracted resources -communicated -interacted Mechanization - Answer- the process of replacing human and animal muscle as a source of power with external sources of power (derived from burning wood, oil, coal, natural gas.) Sociology emerged as an effort to... - Answer- understand the dramatic and immeasurable effects of the industrial revolution on human life across the globe. Auguste Comte - Answer- - - named sociology - father of positivism: idea that valid knowledge about the world can only be derived from using the scientific method - didn't work because people have free will Karl Marx - Answer- - - preoccupation: conflict as an agent of social change - focused our attention on great class divides: every historical period gives rise to specific types of confrontation between an exploiting class and an exploited class The class divide centers around the... - Answer- means of production or the resources (land tools, equipment, factories, transportation, labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services Bourgeoisie/capitalist class - Answer- the owners, goal is to profit Proletariat/working class - Answer- workers, goal is to increase wages Marx wanted worker to.. - Answer- unite against the bourgeoisie Emile Durkheim - Answer- - - preoccupation: the social ties that bind people to each other and society - focused our attention on the division of labor and solidarity - intersted especially in way that people are dependent upon strangers Mechanical Solidarity - Answer- - simple division of labor were for the most part everyone in a society performs the same tasks needed to maintain their lively hood - sameness gives rise to common experiences, skills, beliefs - intimacy to relationships - rituals support connections among people - importance of family and religion Organic Solidarity - Answer- - Social ties founded on interdependence and cooperation - people relate to others in terms of their specialized roles in the division of labor and as costumers - interactions are short lived and impersonal - people are not self-suffiecient - dependent on STRANGERS Max Weber - Answer- - - preoccupation: social actions or the social forces that motivate people to act - focused our attention on the broad reasons why people pursue goals, whatever those goals may be - Ex. why go to college? Social Action: Traditional - Answer- respect for the past ways of doing things Ex. dad training son to bake Social Action: Affectional - Answer- love,loyalty, or other emotions Ex. building a beautiful church Social Action: Value-rational (means justify ends) - Answer- adhering to a code of conduct Ex. 4H Social Action: Instrumental rational (ends justify means) - Answer- to achieve a goal by any means necessary Ex. mass farming W.E.B. DuBois - Answer- - - preoccupation: color line, a barrier supported by customs and laws separating nonwhites from whites, especially with regard to their place in the division of labor - Focused our attention on colonial expansion that accompanied the IR. Trace the color line's origin to the scramble for Africa's resources, beginning with the slave trade upon which the British Empire and American Republic were built Jane Addams - Answer- - - preoccupation: social consequences accompanying industrialization include immigration, homelessness, substandard housing, unemployment, and exploitative, and unsafe working conditions - Focused our attention on sympathetic knowledge, firsthand knowledge gained by living and working among those being studied because "knowing one another better reinforces the common connection of people such that the potential for caring and empathetic moral actions increase." Functionalist Theory - Answer- - system of interrelated parts - change in one part brings about change in another part - order and stability - disruptions to order and stability Functionalist theory vocabulary - Answer- Manifest Function: anticipated consequences that support social order Manifest Dysfunction: Anticipated disruptive consequences to order Latent Function: Unanticipated consequences that support social order Latent Dysfunction: Unanticipated disruptive consequences to social order Conflict Theory - Answer- - Advantaged and disadvantaged groups are in conflict - conflict over scarce and valued resources Conflict Theory vocabulary - Answer- Advantaged groups: rich Disadvantaged groups: poor conflict: relationship b/w unequal parties ideology: advantaged groups use propaganda to justify social arrangements Symbolic Interactionism - Answer- - shared and evolving meanings - social interactions Symbolic Interactionism vocabulary - Answer- Symbols: anything concrete or abstract to which people assign meaning Meaning: ^ Social Interaction: everyday encounters in which people interpret and respond to each others words and actions Negotiated order: The sum of existing expectations and newly negotiated one that characterize any interaction Herbert Blumer - Answer- - 1972 1) Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that these things have for them 2) the meanings come from social interaction 3) meanings are handled and interpreted differently by all depending on the things they deal with Culture - Answer- the way of a life of people society - Answer- a group of interacting people who share, pass on, and create culture. Cultural Universals - Answer- things all cultures have in common cultural particulars - Answer- the specific practices that set cultures apart from one another Material culture - Answer- all the natural and human-created objects to which people have assigned a name and attached meaning Non-material culture - Answer- 1) values: shared conceptions about what is good, right, or important 2) Beliefs: shared conceptions about what is true 3) Norms: written and unwritten rules specifying appropriate and inappropriate behavior 4) Symbols: anything to which people assign meaning Folkways v Mores - Answer- folkways: unwritten rules and Mores: written rules Language - Answer- A symbol system involving the use of sounds, gestures (signing), and/or characters (such as letters or pictures) to convey meaning. Cultural Diffusion - Answer- the process by which an idea, an invention, a way of behaving is borrowed from a foreign source and then adopted by the people in the borrowing society. Global Interdependence - Answer- a situation in which human interaction and social problems transcend national borders (Ex. UPS) Globalization - Answer- the ever increasingly flow of goods, services, money, people, technology, etc. across political borders Position 1 - Answer- globalization is producing a homogenous world that fuses distinct cultural practices into a new world culture as embodied in trends such as world beat, world cuisine, and world cinema Position 2 - Answer- Globalization is producing a homogenous world by destroying variety or, more specifically, the local cultures that get in the way of progress or cannot compete against large corporations. The enemies of this homogeneity - sometimes referred to as Mcworld and coca-colonization - are consumerism and corporate capitalism.