These notes cover leadership theories, providing examples and areas for further reading. All notes were taken in lectures at Bournemouth University Business and Management final year.
The role of managers:
● Controlling
● Directing
● Organising
● Planning
Differences between leaders and managers - Taken from Bratton (2020) based on
hales 1986, kotter 2012 and kouzes and posner
Management - allocating resources, negotiating, handling conflict, liaising with other
managers, produces potential predictability
Leadership - building a team, influencing, encouraging emotion, produces radical
change
Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to
achieve a common goal - Northouse 2019 pg6
Leadership depends on 3 factors:
1. Context
a. External environment factors
b. Strategy
c. Organisational design
2. Followers
a. Attributes
b. Capabilities
c. Relations
d. Cooperation
3. Leader
a. Attributes
b. capabilities
c. power
d. knowledge
Bratton 2020
Trait Approach
19th & 20th century - great man approach - leaders are born not made
By the 1930s moved away form this to identifying traits that differentiated leaders from
non-leaders but there were no conclusive findings.
Stogdill, 1974 - analysis of previous leadership theories
Further trait studies
Mann 1959 - 1400 studies of leadership and personality
● Intelligence
● Masculinity
● Adjustment
● Dominance
● Extraversion
● Conservatism
The big 5 personality traits
1. Agreeableness
2. Extraversion
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness
5. Conscientiousness
Skills Approach
Shift towards skills rather than personality traits i.e. leadership can be learned or
developed rather than being innate
Katz 1955 - effective leadership based on 3 basic skills:
1. Technical -
2. Human - knowledge and ability to work with people
3. Conceptual - work with ideas and concepts
Leadership power and influence
Perception influences behaviour more than reality.
How can power be viewed? - Bolden et al. 2011
● Power as a personal attribute
● Power as legitimised by followers
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