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Volledige en uitgebreide samenvatting van psychogerontologie

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Deze samenvatting gemaakt met de slides en notities die gemaakt werden tijdens de lessen. Het is een redelijk uitgebreide samenvatting met extra online opgezocht informatie voor waar nodig.

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  • May 27, 2023
  • 126
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary
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Aurélie Weverbergh 1MA PSYCH 2022-2023
VUB


Psychogerontologie
Inhoud
1 Inleiding veroudering ......................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Vergrijzing ................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.1 Ouderen: wie? ...................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1.1 Functionele leeftijd ....................................................................................... 9
1.1.2 Enkele cijfers ...................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Biopsychosociaal perspectief ................................................................................... 12
1.3 4 principes van “het ouder worden” ......................................................................... 12
1.4 Persoonlijk versus sociaal ouder worden ................................................................. 13
1.4.1 Personal aging .................................................................................................... 13
1.4.2 Social aging ........................................................................................................ 13
1.4.2.1 normatieve leeftijdsgerelateerde invloeden ................................................ 13
1.4.2.2 Normatieve geschiedenisgerelateerde invloeden ........................................ 14
1.4.2.3 Niet normatieve invloeden .......................................................................... 14
1.5 Modellen van ontwikkeling ...................................................................................... 14
1.5.1 Nature en nurture ................................................................................................ 14
1.5.1.1 Nature en nurture in wisselwerking ............................................................ 14
1.6 Benaderingen van de vergrijzing en het verouderingsproces ................................... 15
1.6.1 Biologische benadering ...................................................................................... 16
1.6.1.1 Achtergrond ................................................................................................ 16
1.6.1.2 Geprogrammeerde verouderingstheorieën .................................................. 16
1.6.1.3 Random error theorieën .............................................................................. 18
1.6.1.3.1 Cross linking theorie ............................................................................... 18
1.6.1.3.2 Vrije radicale theorie .............................................................................. 18
1.6.1.3.3 Auto-immune theorie .............................................................................. 19
1.6.1.3.4 Error catastrophe theorie ........................................................................ 19
1.6.2 Psychologische benadering ................................................................................ 21
1.6.2.1 Psychosociale theorie van Erikson .............................................................. 21
1.6.2.2 Cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Piaget .............................................. 22
1.6.2.3 Identity proces theorie van Withbourne ...................................................... 22
1.6.3 Socioculturele benadering .................................................................................. 23
1.6.3.1 Ecologisch perspectief van Bronfenbrenner ............................................... 23
1.6.3.2 Levenskoersperspectief ............................................................................... 24
1.6.3.2.1 Sociale rollen in de maatschappij ........................................................... 24

1

,Aurélie Weverbergh 1MA PSYCH 2022-2023
VUB
1.6.3.2.2 Ageïsme .................................................................................................. 24
1.6.3.2.3 Sociale klok ............................................................................................ 24
2 Fysieke veranderingen bij veroudering ............................................................................ 25
2.1 Verschijningsvorm ................................................................................................... 25
2.1.1 De huid ............................................................................................................... 25
2.1.2 De nagels, neus, oren en tanden ......................................................................... 26
2.1.3 Het haar .............................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Lichaamsbouw ......................................................................................................... 27
2.3 Bewegingsstelsel ...................................................................................................... 27
2.3.1 Spieren ................................................................................................................ 27
2.3.2 Beenderen ........................................................................................................... 27
2.3.3 Gewrichten ......................................................................................................... 27
2.4 Vitale lichaamsfuncties ............................................................................................ 28
2.4.1 Cardiovasculaire systeem ................................................................................... 28
2.4.2 Ademhalingsstelsel............................................................................................. 28
2.4.3 Urinewegen ........................................................................................................ 28
2.4.4 Spijsverteringsstelsel .......................................................................................... 29
2.5 Controlesystemen van het lichaam ........................................................................... 29
2.5.1 Endocriene systeem ............................................................................................ 29
2.5.1.1 Seksuele veranderingen............................................................................... 31
2.5.2 Immuunsysteem ................................................................................................. 31
2.6 Zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................................. 32
2.6.1 Centrale zenuwstelsel ......................................................................................... 32
2.6.2 Slaap ................................................................................................................... 33
2.6.3 Temperatuurscontrole ......................................................................................... 33
2.7 Sensatie en perceptie ................................................................................................ 34
2.7.1 Zicht ................................................................................................................... 34
2.7.2 Gehoor ................................................................................................................ 34
2.7.3 Evenwicht ........................................................................................................... 34
2.7.4 Reuk en smaak ................................................................................................... 35
2.7.5 Somatosensorische systeem ............................................................................... 36
3 Fysieke gezondheid: ziektebeelden .................................................................................. 37
3.1 Ziekten van het cardiovasculaire systeem ................................................................ 37
3.1.1 Atherosclerosis ................................................................................................... 37
3.1.2 Arteriosclerosis................................................................................................... 37
3.1.3 Hypertensie ......................................................................................................... 37
3.1.4 Congestive haert failure ..................................................................................... 37

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,Aurélie Weverbergh 1MA PSYCH 2022-2023
VUB
3.1.5 Cerebrovasculair accident .................................................................................. 38
3.1.6 Transient Ischemic Accident (TIA) .................................................................... 38
3.1.7 Oorzaken ............................................................................................................ 38
3.2 Kanker ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.3 Ziekten van het musculoskeletale systeem ............................................................... 39
3.3.1 Artritis ................................................................................................................ 39
3.3.2 Osteoperosis ....................................................................................................... 39
3.4 Diabetes .................................................................................................................... 39
3.5 Ziekten van het ademhalingsstelsel .......................................................................... 40
3.5.1 Chronische bronchitis ......................................................................................... 40
3.5.2 Chronisch emphysema ....................................................................................... 40
4 Cognitie en gezond ouder worden .................................................................................... 41
4.1 Cognitie .................................................................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Stabiliteit ............................................................................................................ 41
4.1.2 Achteruitgang ..................................................................................................... 41
4.1.2.1 General slowing .......................................................................................... 42
4.1.3 2 soorten cognitie = 2 maten .............................................................................. 42
4.1.4 WAIS:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ......................................................... 42
4.1.4.1 Raven (Raven Progressive Matrices) .......................................................... 43
4.1.5 Invloed van verouderen op 2 soorten intelligentie ............................................. 43
4.1.6 2 soorten intelligentie in het dagelijkse leven .................................................... 43
4.2 Oorzaken van achteruitgang ..................................................................................... 43
4.2.1 Distale factoren .................................................................................................. 44
4.2.1.1 Cohortestudie .............................................................................................. 44
4.2.1.2 Vergelijking verschillende beroepscategorieën .......................................... 44
4.2.1.3 Longitudinale studies .................................................................................. 44
4.2.1.4 Besluit ......................................................................................................... 44
4.2.2 Proximale factoren ............................................................................................. 44
4.2.2.1 Uitvoeringscategorieën ............................................................................... 44
4.2.2.2 Informatieverwerkingsaspecten .................................................................. 45
4.2.2.3 Globale cognitieve achteruitgang................................................................ 45
4.2.2.4 Hulpbronnen of resources ........................................................................... 45
4.2.2.4.1 Aandacht ................................................................................................. 45
4.2.2.4.2 Geheugen ................................................................................................ 46
4.2.2.4.3 Informatieverwerkingssnelheid .............................................................. 48
4.2.2.5 Neurobiologische aspecten ......................................................................... 49
4.3 Implicaties voor het functioneren ............................................................................. 49

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, Aurélie Weverbergh 1MA PSYCH 2022-2023
VUB
4.3.1 Consequenties van het verminderd functioneren ............................................... 50
4.3.2 Cognitieve training ............................................................................................. 51
4.3.3 Wanneer is het probleem ernstig? ...................................................................... 51
4.4 Met ouderen werken ................................................................................................. 51
4.4.1 Praktisch ............................................................................................................. 51
5 Cognitie en pathologisch ouder worden ........................................................................... 53
5.1 Pathologisch veroudering ......................................................................................... 53
5.2 Delirium ................................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Dementie .................................................................................................................. 54
5.3.1 Dementie terminologie DSM 5 .......................................................................... 55
5.3.2 MCI: beperkte neurocognitieve stoornis ............................................................ 55
5.3.3 Risicofactoren voor dementie............................................................................. 57
5.3.4 Vormen ............................................................................................................... 57
5.3.5 Soorten ............................................................................................................... 58
5.3.6 Ziekte van Alzheimer (AD) ................................................................................ 59
5.3.6.1 Kenmerken (DSM-IV) ................................................................................ 59
5.3.6.2 Neuropathologie AD: seniele plaques en neurofibrillaire tangels .............. 59
5.3.6.3 Oorzaken AD .............................................................................................. 59
5.3.6.4 Atypische varianten van AD ....................................................................... 60
5.3.6.5 Continuum................................................................................................... 60
5.3.7 Fronto-temporale dementie (FTD) ..................................................................... 62
5.3.8 Lewy Body dementie (DLB) .............................................................................. 62
5.3.9 Ziekte van Parkinson .......................................................................................... 63
5.3.10 Vasculaire dementie ........................................................................................... 63
5.3.11 Behandeling ........................................................................................................ 63
5.4 Amnestische stoornissen .......................................................................................... 64
5.5 Depressie .................................................................................................................. 64
5.6 Diagnostiek van neurodegeneratieve aandoeningen ................................................ 64
5.6.1 Diagnostische principes ...................................................................................... 64
5.6.2 Diagnostisch proces ............................................................................................ 65
5.6.3 Met ouderen werken ........................................................................................... 65
5.6.4 Diagnostische instrumenten voor cognitieve mogelijkheden en BPSD ............. 65
5.6.4.1 Cognitieve screeningstesten ........................................................................ 66
5.6.4.2 Neuropsychologische tests .......................................................................... 66
5.6.4.3 Gedragsobservatieschalen (BPSD) ............................................................. 67
5.7 Omgaan met de person met dementie ...................................................................... 67
5.7.1 Algemene aandachtspunten ................................................................................ 67

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