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Global Migration Detailed Notes
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GLOBAL MIGRATIONMIGRATION = the movement of population from one place to another
IMMIGRATION = in-migration of people into a country, which involves permanent change of
residence
EMIGRATION = out-migration of people from a country which involves permanent change of
residence
INTRAREGIONAL = permanent movement of people within the same enation from one area of the
region to another
INTEREGIONAL = permanent movement of people from one nation to another nation
NET MIGRATION LOSS = more emigration than immigration
NET MIGRTION GAIN = more immigration than emigration
ECONOMIC MIGRANTS = a person who moves to improve their standard of living or job
opportunities
MIGRATION REMITTANCES = money transferred from one country to another, sent home by
migrants to their families, friends, or community
REFUGEES = a person who has moved outside the country of their nationality or usual domicile
because of genuine fear of prosecution or death
ASYLUM SEEKERS = a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee
PUSH FACTORS = negative attributes of a place of origin which force a migrant to leave
PULL FACTORS = positive attributes of a place of destination which attract migrants
DIASPORA = the spread of an ethnic group from their homeland e.g., Jews from Israel
INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK = the number of people born in a country other than that of
which they live including refugees
INTERVENING OBSTACLES = physical, economic, social, and political factors which may disrupt or
terminate a migration at any point between origin and destination
SHORT TERM MIGRANT = a person who moves to a country other than their usual residence from
longer than 3 months but less than 1 year
LONG TERM MIGRANT = a person who loves to a country other than their usual residence from at
least a year
, 1. WHAT ARE THE CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF GLOBAL
MIGRATION
WHY IS MIGRATON BECOMING AN ISSUE
- linked to globalization – INC interconnectedness – INC magnitude, complexity, and impact
- Priority issues for all nations – key policies and difficult to manage e.g., border control, migrant
safety, migration policy
- dynamic issue – constant issue (number, direction, reasons, demographic, scale)
- Better standard of living and employment opportunities
- High number of conflict zones – Ukraine, Syria, Middle East, South Sudan, Somalia
- Can have both positive and negative impacts for the origin, transit, and destination country
WHY IS IT DIFFICULT TO MAP MIGRATION
- Dynamic issue – constant change (number, direction, reason, demographic, scale)
- At different scales e.g., nationally, or internationally
- Impacts every country which is hard to measure
CURRENT MIGRATION PATTERNS IN THE UK
IMMIGRATION INTO UK EMMIGRATION FROM UK
Most immigrants in the UK are from India, over In 2019, there were around 994,000 British
1M in 2013. The total number of immigrants nationals living in other EU countries excluding
from Poland are also high from 500,000 to 1M. Ireland, compared to the 3.4M EU nationals in
the UK.
However, the UK received the least number of
immigrants from Mongolia, West Africa, and
West South America such as Bolivia and Peru.
In 2021, India, Poland and Pakistan were the top Levels of immigration have increased over
three country of origin for migrants. Poland recent years but emigration from the UK has
dropped from first place in 2018 during a period been steadier.
when net migration of people from countries
joined the EU in 2004 was estimated to be
negative
In 2021, people born outside the UK made up 61% of non-EU students left at the end of their
around 14.5% or 9.6M people of the UK’s study visa in the academic year ending 2019.
population. An estimated 36% of migrants were The other majority obtained additional visas or
received visa extensions
born in Europe.
Foreign born population increased from about Long term emigration increased in the year
5.3M in 2004, to over 9.5M in 2021. ending June 2022 compared to June 2021 for
, non-EU, EU, and British nationals. From
455,000 to 560,000
Migrants are more likely to be aged 26 to 64
than children or people of retirement age
In 2021, there were approximately 6.0M people
with non-British nationality living in the UK and
9.6M people were born outside the UK
The UK’s migrant population is concentrated in
London. Around 37% of people living in London
were born outside the UK
Overall, net immigration could be due to:
- The UK may be offering promising opportunities in employment, education, lifestyle, and
safety. These will attract immigrants from around the world as they may be seeking a better
standard and quality of life. However, there may be visa restrictions which could make it more
difficult to immigrate to the UK from some countries resulting in low immigration from these
countries. Those seeking to move out of these countries might find it easier to immigrate into a
different country with less visa restrictions.
- Among non-EU nationals arriving in the year ending June 2022, study was the most common
main reason for immigration which was followed by ‘other’ which included arrivals under
humanitarian schemes and family migrants.
- Study was the most common reason for immigration during 2009-12 but it declined following
policies designed to reduce the number of foreign students and work had overtaken. Work
immigration peaked in 2015-16 at around 300,000 people a year, before reducing and being
overtaken by study in 2019.
- In January 2021, the UK’s new immigration system came into face with the key features of
which are the end of free movement for new EU nationals coming to the UK and changes to
the criteria for work visas. This resulted in all visa categories increasing in the year ending
June 2022.
Emigration from the UK due to:
- Retirement – high UK house prices enabled many to sell up and live more cheaply abroad,
often in locality of warm climate and good quality of life
- Family reunification – to join relatives oversea
CURRENT GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS
Global migration system is dynamic – migrants do not move around the world uniformly
GLOBAL IMMIGRATION GLOBAL EMMIGRATION
There were 280.6M global migrants in 2020 – Europe and North America also share the
representing close to 4% of the world’s highest emigration population, 24% of total
emigration
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