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Summary clinical psychology part 1

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  • May 29, 2023
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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Introduction
The 4 characteristics of stigma
1. A label is applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others
2. The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes by society
3. People with the label are seen as essentially different from those without the label,
contributing to an us versus them mentality
4. People with the label are discriminated against unfairly

Clinical/abnormal psychology: the study of psychopathology, the field concerned with the
nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders.

What constitutes a disorder  distress, disability + dysfunction, violation social norms

Paradigms and treatment approaches:




Multiple kinds of treatment

,  Client centered therapy
o If the therapist provides a relationship characterized by
 Authenticity
 unconditional positive regard
 empathy
o The client can self-actualize
 Gestalt Therapy
o Process oriented: experience the here and now
o Integration of experiences and material
o techniques: empty chair technique
Defence mechanisms
 Projection = attributing to someone else one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feeligns
 Reaction formation = converting an unacceptable feeling into its opposite
 Repression = Keeping unacceptable impulses or wishes from conscious awareness
 Denial = not accepting a painful reality into conscious awareness
 Rationalisation = Offering acceptable reasons for an unacceptable action or attitude
 Displacement = redirecting emotional responses from their real target to someone
else
 Regression = retreating to the behavioural patterns of an earlier stage of
development
 Sublimation = converting unacceptable aggressive or sexual impulses into socially
valued behaviours


Anxiety
Emotions are mostly adaptive in healthy individuals: the primary function of emotion is to
mobilise the organism to deal quickly with important interpersonal encounters

Fear

,  Immediate danger: fear
 basic emotion
 physiology
o Increased heart rate/blood pressure
o Muscle tone
o breathing
 Behaviour
o freeze, flight, fight or fright

Anxiety
 threat in the future
 complex emotion
 avoidance
 preparation

What is an anxiety disorder
 Irrational
o Stimulus does not justify the fear
o Excessively intense fear
o Excessively long duration of fear
 Distress/impairment
o Fear is aversive
o Avoidance
Major DSM-5 anxiety disorders
 Specific phobia → fear of objects or situations that is out of proportion to any real
danger
 Social anxiety disorder → fear of unfamiliar people or social scrutiny
 panic disorder → anxiety about recurrent panic attacks
 agoraphobia → anxiety about being in place where escaping or getting help would be
difficult is anxiety symptoms occurred
 generalised anxiety disorder → uncontrollable worry

For each anxiety disorder, several criteria must be met for a DSM-5 diagnosis to be made.
 Symptoms interfere with important areas of functioning or cause marked distress
 Symptoms are not caused by a drug or medical condition
 Symptoms persist for at least 6 months or at least 1 month for panic disorder
 The fears of anxieties are distinct from the symptoms of another anxiety disorder

DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia
 marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by a specific object or
situations
 The object or situation is avoided or else endured with intense anxiety

DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety disorder
 marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by exposure to potential
social scrutiny
 Exposure to the trigger leads to intense anxiety about being evaluated negatively
 Trigger situations are avoided or else endured with intense anxiety

Panic disorder
Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent panix attacks that are unrelated to specific
situations and by worry about having more panix attacks.
A panic attack is a sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror and feelings of impending
doom. + 4 other symptoms

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