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Samenvatting trillingen en golven
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Samenvatting van hoofdstuk 14 tot en met 16 in Natuurkunde deel 1 en hoofdstuk 31, 34, 35 en 37 van Natuurkunde deel 2.
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Trillingen en GolvenInhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 14: trillingen................................................................................................................................. 3
14.1: trillingen van een veer.................................................................................................................................3
14.2: enkelvoudige harmonische trilling..............................................................................................................3
14.3: energie van een harmonische trilling..........................................................................................................4
14.5: de enkelvoudige slinger...............................................................................................................................4
14.7: gedempte harmonische beweging..............................................................................................................4
14.8: gedwongen trillingen: resonantie...............................................................................................................5
Hoofdstuk 15: Golfbeweging.......................................................................................................................... 5
15.1: eigenschappen van golfbeweging...............................................................................................................5
15.2: typen golven................................................................................................................................................6
15.3: energietransport door golven.....................................................................................................................6
15.4: wiskundige voorstelling van een lopende golf............................................................................................6
15.6: het superpositiebeginsel.............................................................................................................................6
15.7: reflectie en transmissie...............................................................................................................................6
15.8: interferentie................................................................................................................................................6
15.9: staande golven; resonantie.........................................................................................................................7
Hoofdstuk 16: Geluid..................................................................................................................................... 8
16.1: eigenschappen geluid..................................................................................................................................8
16.2: wiskundige uitdrukking van longitudinale golven......................................................................................8
16.3: intensiteit van het geluid: decibel...............................................................................................................8
16.4: trillende snaren...........................................................................................................................................8
16.5: geluidskwaliteit: timbre..............................................................................................................................9
16.6: zwevingen....................................................................................................................................................9
16.7: doppler effect..............................................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk interferentie............................................................................................................................... 10
Golven in één dimensie......................................................................................................................................10
Wiskundige beschrijving.....................................................................................................................................10
Interferentie in 2D..............................................................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 31: elektromagnetische golven (geen vragen)..............................................................................11
31.1: wet van Ampère/Faraday.........................................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 34: golfkarakter van licht............................................................................................................. 11
1
, 34.1: het principe van Huygens..........................................................................................................................11
34.3: interferentie: het dubbelspleetexperiment...............................................................................................12
34.4: intensiteit bij interferentie van 2 bronnen................................................................................................12
34.5: interferentie in dunne films.......................................................................................................................13
34.7: polarisatie..................................................................................................................................................13
Hoofdstuk 35: Buiging en polarisatie............................................................................................................ 14
35.1: buiging door een enkele spleet of schijf....................................................................................................14
35.2: intensiteit in het buigingspatroon van een enkele spleet.........................................................................14
35.3: buiging bij het dubbelspeetexperiment....................................................................................................15
35.5: grenzen aan de resolutie; cirkelvormige openingen.................................................................................15
35.8: buigingsrooster.........................................................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 37: vroege kwantum- en atoommodellen....................................................................................15
37.2: het foto-elektrisch effect...........................................................................................................................15
37.3: wat is een licht..........................................................................................................................................16
37.7: materiegolven...........................................................................................................................................16
37.8: elektronenmicroscopen.............................................................................................................................16
2
, Hoofdstuk 14: trillingen
14.1: trillingen van een veer
Horizontaal:
- Kracht die een veer op massa uitoefent: F x =−kx
Evenwichtstoestand x=0
- Zwaartekracht speelt geen rol, deze verdwijnt uit 2e wet Newton
m a x =−kx
Verticaal:
- bij verticale veer speelt zwaartekracht WEL een rol
evenwichtstoestand mg=k x 0
uit evenwicht ∑ F x =mg−k ( x 0 + x ) F x =−kx
Definities:
- uitwijking x (t ): gemeten t.o.v. de evenwichtstoestand
- amplitude: de grootste uitwijking
- periode T (s ): de tijd nodig voor een volledige cyclus
1 1
- frequentie f (Hz): het aantal cycli per tijdseenheid f = ( =Hz)
T s
14.2: enkelvoudige harmonische trilling
2
d x
- 2e wet Newton: m a x = ∑ Fx m
d t2
=−kx
- Oplossing:
o Giancoli (gokken)
o Cursus analyse (differentiaalvgl. ) x= A cos
(√ mk t +ϕ )
o K en m zijn eigenschappen systeem, voor iedere waarde A en ϕ is bovenstaande een
oplossing
o A en ϕ uit beginwaarden
o A: amplitude
o ϕ : fasehoek (beginfase)
(horizontale verschuiving)
ϕ =0 begint met 1
π
ϕ= begint met 0
2
π
ϕ = begint met 0,5
3
radiaal berekenen
Hoekfrequentie ( ω ):
Periode T:
ω=
k
m √
ω ( t +T )+ ϕ=ωt +2 π +ϕ
x= A cos ( ω t+ ϕ )
2π
ω= =2 πf
T
3
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