Samenvatting- Wijsbegeerte En Ethiek (D0T25a) 16/20 eerste zit
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Course
Wijsbegeerte En Ethiek (D0T25A)
Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Samenvatting wijsbegeerte en ethiek van professor Christiaan Boonen gegeven in derde bachelor toegepaste economische wetenschappen (TEW). Deze samenvatting is gebaseerd op de slides en aangevuld met notities bij de slides. Ik haalde met deze samenvatting een 16/20 in de eerste zit.
Inhoud
1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................6
2 Ethiek en ethisch redeneren................................................................................................................7
2.1 Wat is de ethiek?..........................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Descriptieve ethiek (valt niet onder domein vd filosofen zelf)..............................................7
2.1.2 Normatieve ethiek.................................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Meta-Ethiek...........................................................................................................................8
2.2 Waarom ethiek?...........................................................................................................................8
2.2.1 Ethiek als toetssteen..............................................................................................................8
2.3 Enkele definities............................................................................................................................9
2.3.1 Immoraliteit of a-moraliteit?.................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Feiten en waarden.................................................................................................................9
2.4 Ethisch redeneren.........................................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Deductie.................................................................................................................................9
2.4.2 Inductie................................................................................................................................11
2.4.3 Abductie...............................................................................................................................11
2.4.4 Gedachte-experimenten......................................................................................................11
2.5 Beroepsethiek en ethische conflicten.........................................................................................12
2.5.1 Deontologische codes..........................................................................................................12
2.5.2 Rollenconflicten...................................................................................................................12
2.5.3 Morele conflicten: een overzicht.........................................................................................14
3 Ethische theorieën: Utilitarisme........................................................................................................14
3.1 Ethische theorieën: een overzicht..............................................................................................14
3.1.1 Utilitarisme: basiskenmerken..............................................................................................15
3.2 Jeremy Bentham.........................................................................................................................15
3.2.1 Het utilitarisme....................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Hedonistisch utilitarisme.....................................................................................................15
3.2.3 De provocatie van Bentham................................................................................................16
3.2.4 Kritiek op Bentham..............................................................................................................16
3.3 John Stuart Mill...........................................................................................................................16
3.3.1 Kwalitatief hedonisme.........................................................................................................17
3.4 Ontwikkelingen en kritieken.......................................................................................................17
3.4.1 Ervaringsmachine van Nozick..............................................................................................17
3.4.2 Voorkeursutilitarisme..........................................................................................................18
3.4.3 Act- of regelutilitarisme?.....................................................................................................19
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, 3.4.4 Regelutilitarisme..................................................................................................................19
3.4.5 Two-level utilitarianism.......................................................................................................19
3.4.6 Het Trolleyprobleem............................................................................................................20
3.4.7 Rechtvaardige verdeling?....................................................................................................20
3.4.8 Utilitarisme is te veeleisend.................................................................................................20
3.4.9 Een kort overzicht................................................................................................................20
4 Ethische theorieën: deontologie........................................................................................................22
4.1 Deontologie: basiskenmerken....................................................................................................22
4.2 Immanuel Kant...........................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Kants kritiek op consequentialisme.....................................................................................22
4.2.2 Kants uitgangspunt..............................................................................................................22
4.2.3 Goede wil.............................................................................................................................23
4.2.4 Plichten................................................................................................................................23
4.2.5 Imperatieven.......................................................................................................................24
4.2.6 Korte herhaling....................................................................................................................24
4.3 Kants Categorische Imperatieven...............................................................................................25
4.3.1 Eerste formulering...............................................................................................................25
4.3.2 Tweede formulering............................................................................................................25
4.3.3 Deontologie en regelutilitarisme.........................................................................................26
4.3.4 Kants vierstappenplan.........................................................................................................26
4.3.5 Sterktes van Kants ethiek.....................................................................................................26
4.4 Kritieken.....................................................................................................................................27
4.4.1 Kants ethiek is te strikt.........................................................................................................27
4.4.2 Welke maximes?..................................................................................................................27
4.4.3 Kants ethiek is inhoudsloos..................................................................................................27
4.4.4 Gevoelens en karakter.........................................................................................................27
4.5 Hedendaagse deontologie..........................................................................................................27
4.5.1 Kant in een hedendaags jasje..............................................................................................27
4.6 Toepassing: Sweatshops en Mensenrechten..............................................................................28
4.6.1 Een moreel vraagstuk..........................................................................................................28
4.6.2 Bowie’s argument................................................................................................................28
4.6.3 Rechtsstaat en dwang..........................................................................................................28
4.6.4 Werkomstandigheden.........................................................................................................28
4.6.5 Lonen...................................................................................................................................28
4.6.6 Markten en efficiëntie.........................................................................................................29
5 Deugdethiek......................................................................................................................................29
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, 5.1 Deugdethiek: Basiskenmerken...................................................................................................29
5.2 Aristoteles...................................................................................................................................30
5.2.1 Ethiek en geluk.....................................................................................................................30
5.2.2 Teleologie............................................................................................................................30
5.2.3 Deugden..............................................................................................................................30
5.3 Kritieken en ontwikkelingen.......................................................................................................32
5.3.1 Wat is deugdelijk handelen?................................................................................................32
5.3.2 Deugden en externe goederen: Aristoteles.........................................................................32
5.3.3 Deugden en externe omstandigheden: Stoïcijnen...............................................................32
5.3.4 Deugdethiek en cultureel relativisme..................................................................................33
5.4 Moderne Deugdethiek................................................................................................................33
5.4.1 MacIntyre en cultureel relativisme......................................................................................33
5.4.2 MacIntyre over praktijken....................................................................................................34
5.4.3 MacIntyre’s deugden...........................................................................................................34
5.4.4 Kritiek op MacIntyre: Rollenconflicten.................................................................................34
5.4.5 MacIntyre’s kritiek op business............................................................................................35
6 zorgethiek en Epistemisch onrecht....................................................................................................36
6.1 Zorgethiek...................................................................................................................................36
6.1.1 Ontstaan zorgethiek............................................................................................................36
6.1.2 Een vrouwelijke moraliteit?.................................................................................................36
6.1.3 Mensbeeld...........................................................................................................................36
6.1.4 Zorg......................................................................................................................................37
6.2 Kritieken.....................................................................................................................................37
6.2.1 Essentialisme.......................................................................................................................37
6.2.2 Wat met vreemden?............................................................................................................38
6.2.3 Wat met onpartijdigheid?....................................................................................................38
6.2.4 Instellingen en rechtvaardigheid.........................................................................................38
6.3 Epistemisch Onrecht...................................................................................................................38
6.3.1 Overzicht..............................................................................................................................38
6.3.2 Wat is epistemologie?.........................................................................................................38
6.3.3 Epistemologie in praktijk?....................................................................................................39
6.3.4 Hypothetisch voorbeeld:......................................................................................................39
6.3.5 Ethiek van de geloofwaardigheid.........................................................................................39
6.3.6 Epistemisch onrecht in bedrijven.........................................................................................41
6.4 Verdere ontwikkelingen..............................................................................................................41
6.4.1 Geloofwaardigheidsteveel...................................................................................................41
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,7 Ethiek van de Marketing....................................................................................................................42
7.1 Wat is de ethiek van de marketing?...........................................................................................42
7.2 Marketing en Waarden...............................................................................................................43
7.3 Ethiek van Producten..................................................................................................................43
7.3.1 Productaansprakelijkheid....................................................................................................43
7.3.2 Verantwoordelijkheid en schade.........................................................................................43
7.3.3 Verschillende modellen van verantwoordelijkheid:.............................................................43
7.3.4 Sociale verzekering als complementair................................................................................45
7.4 Ethiek van de prijzen...................................................................................................................45
7.4.1 Prijsopdrijving......................................................................................................................45
7.4.2 Roofprijzen...........................................................................................................................45
7.5 Ethiek van de Reclame................................................................................................................46
7.5.1 Reclame en Waarheid..........................................................................................................46
7.5.2 Reclame en Autonomie: Manipulatie..................................................................................46
7.5.3 Neuromarketing...................................................................................................................47
7.5.4 Reclame en Kwetsbaarheid..................................................................................................47
7.5.5 Reclame en Privacy..............................................................................................................47
7.5.6 Reclame en Stereotypes......................................................................................................47
8 De Sociale en Publieke Rol van Bedrijven..........................................................................................47
8.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................47
8.2 Het Private en Publieke Domein.................................................................................................48
8.2.1 Wat is het privaat-publiek onderscheid?.............................................................................48
8.2.2 Een korte voorgeschiedenis:................................................................................................48
8.2.3 Het liberale model als achtergrond......................................................................................48
8.2.4 Vermenging van privaat en publiek.....................................................................................49
8.3 Maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen (MVO)...................................................................49
8.3.1 MVO: Vier modellen............................................................................................................49
9 Rechtvaardigheid...............................................................................................................................54
9.1 Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................54
9.2 Rechtvaardigheid: Kort Overzicht...............................................................................................54
9.2.1 Wat is Rechtvaardigheid?....................................................................................................54
9.2.2 Denken over Rechtvaardigheid............................................................................................54
9.3 John Rawls’ Theorie van de Rechtvaardigheid............................................................................55
9.3.1 Rawls’ Uitgangspunt............................................................................................................55
9.3.2 Rawls’ methode...................................................................................................................55
9.3.3 De Principes van Rechtvaardigheid......................................................................................56
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, 9.3.4 Het Verschil Principe............................................................................................................57
9.3.5 Gelijke Kansen Principe........................................................................................................57
9.3.6 Kritiek: Mensbeeld...............................................................................................................58
9.3.7 Kritiek: Gokkers....................................................................................................................58
9.4 Gelijke Kansen en Meritocratie...................................................................................................58
9.4.1 Feodalisme...........................................................................................................................58
9.4.2 Vrije Markt en het Klassieke Liberalisme.............................................................................58
9.4.3 Meritocratie.........................................................................................................................58
9.4.4 Rawls voorbij de Meritocratie..............................................................................................59
9.4.5 Hayek voorbij de Meritocratie.............................................................................................60
9.4.6 Sandel voorbij de Meritocratie............................................................................................60
9.4.7 Kritiek: Methodologisch Nationalisme.................................................................................60
10 Racisme...........................................................................................................................................61
10.1 Een overzicht............................................................................................................................61
10.2 ‘Ras’..........................................................................................................................................61
10.2.1 Traditionele Visie op ‘Ras’..................................................................................................61
10.2.2 Raciaal Scepticisme en Raciaal Eliminativisme...................................................................61
10.2.3 Raciaal Constructivisme en Raciaal Conservatisme............................................................61
10.2.4 Constructivisme: Ras en Etniciteit......................................................................................62
10.3 Racisme.....................................................................................................................................62
10.3.1 Racisme van het hart en de geest......................................................................................63
10.3.2 Haatspraak.........................................................................................................................64
10.3.3 Microagressies...................................................................................................................64
10.3.4 Institutioneel Racisme.......................................................................................................64
10.3.5 De Ervaring van het Racisme..............................................................................................65
10.3.6 Neoracisme........................................................................................................................65
10.4 Racisme Bestrijden...................................................................................................................66
10.4.1 Kleurenblind of Kleurenbewust?........................................................................................66
10.4.2 (Positieve) actie op de werkvloer.......................................................................................66
10.4.3 Intersectionaliteit..............................................................................................................68
11 Werk................................................................................................................................................69
11.1 Wat is werk?.............................................................................................................................69
11.1.1 Levensbehoefte.................................................................................................................69
11.1.2 In Zichzelf Besloten?..........................................................................................................69
11.1.3 Vrije Tijd en Ontspanning...................................................................................................69
11.1.4 Loonarbeid en zorgwerk....................................................................................................70
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