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Samenvatting - Moleculaire Celbiologie deel 1

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  • May 30, 2023
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Moleculaire celbiologie deel 1
1 e bachelor kinesitherapie

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Hoofdstuk 1: introductie tot cellen.........................................................................................................3
Het ontstaan van hedendaagse moleculaire celbiologie....................................................................3
Leven <-> niet-levende materie..........................................................................................................3
Cellen onder de microscoop...............................................................................................................3
Levende cellen hebben dezelfde basis chemie...................................................................................3
Levende cellen kunnen zichzelf reproduceren via een auto-katalytisch proces.................................3
Prokaryote cel <-> eukaryote cel........................................................................................................3
modelorganismen...............................................................................................................................4
Hoofdstuk 2: chemische componenten van de cel.................................................................................4
Suikers................................................................................................................................................5
Vetzuren.............................................................................................................................................7
Aminozuren........................................................................................................................................7
Nucleotiden........................................................................................................................................8
Ultra-centrifugatie..............................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 3: energie, katalyse en biosynthese......................................................................................9
Het belang van energie.......................................................................................................................9
De tweede wet van de thermodynamica............................................................................................9
De eerste wet van de thermodynamica of wet van behoud van energie.........................................10
Energie afkomstig van zonlicht.........................................................................................................10
oxidatie van organische moleculen (cellulaire ademhaling).............................................................10
Energie afkomstig van oxidatie van organische verbindingen..........................................................10
Koppeling van reacties......................................................................................................................11
Geactiveerde energie-overdragers en biosynthese..........................................................................12
ATP: belangrijkste en meest verspreide energie-carrier...................................................................12
NADH en NADPH..............................................................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 4: De structuur en functie van eiwitten...............................................................................12
Vorm en structuur van eiwitten........................................................................................................13
Hoe werken eiwitten........................................................................................................................14
Regeling van eiwitten en enzymen...................................................................................................15
Studie van eiwitten...........................................................................................................................15
Hoofdstuk 5: DNA en chromosomen....................................................................................................16


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, Structuur van DNA............................................................................................................................16
Structuur van eukaryote chromosomen...........................................................................................16
Regeling van de chromatine structuur..............................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 6: DNA; replicatie, foutenherstel en recombinatie.............................................................18
DNA replicatie...................................................................................................................................18
DNA replicatie: DNA polymerase......................................................................................................18
DNA beschadiging en herstel............................................................................................................19
Hoofdstuk 7: Van DNA tot proteïne......................................................................................................19
Verschillen tussen DNA en RNA........................................................................................................19
Transcriptie bij prokaryoten.............................................................................................................19
Transcriptie bij eukaryoten...............................................................................................................21
Translatie bij eukaryoten..................................................................................................................22
Translatie bij prokaryoten................................................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 13: hoe kunnen cellen energie halen uit voedsel?..............................................................23
Wat is metabolisme?........................................................................................................................23
Katabole wegen................................................................................................................................23
Anabole wegen.................................................................................................................................23
Afbraak van voedselmoleculen.........................................................................................................24
Glycolyse...........................................................................................................................................24
Wat gebeurt er verder met pyruvaat?..............................................................................................27
Acytel-CoA........................................................................................................................................27
Krebscyclus.......................................................................................................................................28
Oxidatieve fosforylering...................................................................................................................29
Gluconeogenese...............................................................................................................................29
Bloed doping.....................................................................................................................................29




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, Hoofdstuk 1: introductie tot cellen
Het ontstaan van hedendaagse moleculaire celbiologie
- Cytologie: beschrijving van celstructuur en organellen
- Biochemie: chemie van de cel, metabolisme, signaaltransductie…
- Genetica: erfelijke informatie

Leven <-> niet-levende materie
- Alle ‘levende’ organismen bestaan uit één of meerdere cellen
- Elke levende cel is in staat om zichzelf te vermenigvuldigen -> virussen zijn strikt gezien dus
niet levend

Cellen onder de microscoop
- Lichtmicroscoop (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek)
- Fluorescente microscoop: detectie van fluorescente kleurstoffen
- Transmissie elektronen microscoop: elektronen gaan door het object
- Scanning elektronen microscoop: beeld gevormd door elektronen die door het
objectoppervlak weerkaatst worden (meer 3-dimensioneel beeld)

Levende cellen hebben dezelfde basis chemie




Levende cellen kunnen zichzelf reproduceren via een auto-
katalytisch proces
- DNA en RNA leveren de sequentie-informatie
die wordt gebruikt om eiwitten te produceren
en zichzelf te kopiëren. Eiwitten leveren op
hun beurt de katalytische activiteit die nodig
is om DNA, RNA en zichzelf te synthetiseren.

Prokaryote cel <-> eukaryote cel
- De prokaryoten vormen de uitgebreidste groep
o Ingedeeld in 2 domeinen: bacteriën en archaea
o Ze bevatten geen celorganellen
o Vb. escherichia coli
- Eukaryote cel
o Vb. gistcellen
o Bevatten:
 Celkern: omvat het genetische materiaal
 Chromosomen

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