HOSA CPS Green Book (2022/2023) Graded A+

HOSA CPS Green Book (2022/2023) Graded A+ Goal of problem solving is to find, select, and implement the best solution Define the the real problem not... perceived problem Heuristic systematic approach that helps guide us through the solution process and generate alternative solution pathways Expressive blocks the inability to communicate your ideas to others in either verbal or written form; can hinder progress Cross-fertilization utilizes unique knowledge and skill sets of individuals and groups with different backgrounds by applying expertise in new disciplines Mental blocks: Fear of risk taking Lack of appetite for chaos Judging while generating ideas Lack of challenge Thinking all or some of the problem cannot be solved Inability to incubate 5-step heuristic: define, generate, decide, implement, evaluate (McMaster 5-point strategy) Problem definition can change at any point if criteria changes Gathering information then can... use KTPA to help correctly define the problem It is important to ask questions while brainstorming Implementing deciding what to do to make sure problem get solved Evaluation makes sure all criteria was fulfilled; during and at end of heuristic Most important factor in good/bad problem solvers is..... attitude Important things to do: redescribe/rephrase problem statement; starting where they understand even if it's not the most logical point. vision= ability to see how things ought to be in the future paradigm= model/pattern Paradigm shifts occur.... instantaneously, or can evolve Paradigm paralysis= stuck in past Paradigm pioneers= after paradigm shift have courage, intuition, and perseverance to escape paradigm paralysis John Scully says that the key ingredient to successful teams is ability to work together creatively No excuses when responding to criticism!!! Critical thinking (step 1): 1- scr 2- socratic questioning 3- critical thinking actions 4- deeper thinking SCR-- Structured Critical Thinking (chapter 3): Algorithm used to analyze a proposition/theses. Has been used to discover complex arguments. Sequence of SCR analysis: 1) Identify all of author's conclusions. 2) Look for reasons and evidence that author uses to support each conclusion. 3) List all major assumptions. 4) Evaluate all assumptions and evidence. 5) Identify fallacies in logic Socratic questioning asking the right questions (critical thinking questions) Critical thinking actions: predicting analyzing, info. Seeking applying standards discriminating transforming knowledge logical reasoning First 4 steps: collect+analyze data, view problem first hand, confirm findings, talk with others Fermi analysis: obtaining an order of magnitude estimate of how large the problem may be Socratic questioning should.... be used while talking with others gather as much information as possible throughout the problem solving process Problem definition techniques: 1) critical thinking 2) Duncker diagram 3) statement restatement 4) KT problem analysis Duncker diagram: present state → desired state; avoid ambiguous words/ phrases when determining desired state. Side 1: general solutions show how to move from present to desired state. Side 2: general solutions show how to make it okay NOT to reach desired state. Gantt Charts (chapter 9): Used to organize when a specific task is supposed to begin and the amount of time to complete the task. At least 25% devoted to problem definition process. Project is halfway completed when problem is identified, written down, and communicated Statement-restatement: rephrase the problem statement. Use problem restatement triggers (page 99) Generate: improve creative abilities, recognize and break mental blocks, take some risks DON'T define problem too narrowly, assume one answer, get hooked on first solution, get by with an okay solution, get distracted, or be too anxious to finish. Develop a more positive attitude toward risk taking Generating solutions: brainstorming, futuring, cross-fertilization, analogy, TRIZ Brainstorming: free association, vertical thinking, lateral thinking Free association writing down as many ideas without thinking Free association is followed by vertical thinking using SCAMPER; builds/expands upon an original list Ask "what if" while brainstorming Vertical thinking: piggybacking on already generated thinking Lateral thinking: injects ideas not related to previous ideas SCAMPER: Substitute, Combine, Adapts, Modify, Put to other use, Eliminate, Rearrange SCAMPER makes you think differently about the problem Fishbone diagram: organizes ideas; write problem at the right, categorize solutions into major groups, extend those to the backbone, place solutions along corresponding "major" line brainwriting same procedure as brainstorming; write down ideas when they occur. After list is done, organize it (in fishbone diagram) Futuring: blockbusting technique; focuses on generating solutions not readable today but could be in the future Cross-fertilization: ideas, laws, rules, facts, and processes from one discipline and are transferred to another Analogy: look for analogous situations and problems in related and unrelated areas Verge: combination of combine (from SCAMPER) and cross-fertilization Solving by analogy: state problem, generate analogies, solve analogy, transfer solution to problem Incubate ideas: same thing as depth mind principle TRIZ: determine who has solved problem before, identity ideal solution, identify resources that are available to solve problem, state problem and contradictions you are trying to resolve TRIZ asks "how can a defect (flaw) be used in a positive way to solve a problem?" Deciding course of action is where KT comes in KT Situation appraisal decides priority KT problem analysis asks "do we need to know the cause?" KT Decision analysis: make decision on what to do about the problem. Do we need to make a decision among alternatives that face us? KT potential problem analysis: do we need to analyze potential problems that might arise in our solution alternatives? Steps of implementing: approval, planning, carry through Approval: selling your ideas and making the case for change Flexibility essential trait for problem solvers Follow-up phase ensures deadlines are met Evaluation: problem solved completely? Safe? Ethical? Evaluation is an ongoing process; as one phase is completed, we should examine what we have done. *evaluation checklist on page 250 4 classical virtues: prudence (thinking about moral problem clearly), temperance (avoiding being rash/suppressing out emotions); fortitude (not moving blindly away from something); justice (acting fairly and to act in truth) Ethics checklist: it is legal? Is it balanced? How will it make me feel about myself? 5 P's: purpose, pride, patience, persistence, perspective Troubleshooting: an interactive process where we form a number of hypotheses about where the fault lies and then carry out procedures to test those hypotheses. *troubleshooting guidelines page 271-272 Troubleshooters keep 4-5 working hypotheses in mind Troubleshooting is used to determine why something new will not work. It is an interactive process Take a proactive approach to problem solving! Kepner-tregoe: Goes into deciding phase KT problem analysis: asks questions in a way called "four dimensions of the problem- what, where, when and extent ↑ what, where, when, extent VS. is, is not, distinction, cause KT situation appraisal: deciding priorities and level of concern. Timing+trend KT decision analysis: separating into musts and wants. Narrowing it down KT potential problem analysis: finding possible problems/consequences *mainly to define the problem Statistics: Eating disorders (from ANAD)- At least 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the US every 62 minutes at least one person dies as a direct result of an eating disorder Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness 13% of women over 50 engage in eating disorders In an enlarged national study of college students, 3.5% sexual minority women and 2% of sexual minority men reported having an eating disorder 16% of transgender college students reported having an eating disorder