HOSA Pathophysiology Practice Questions (2022/2023) Already Passed

HOSA Pathophysiology Practice Questions (2022/2023) Already Passed Which layer of the eyeball is inflamed in uveitis? vascular tunic A neoplasm of mesenchymal origin sarcoma Presence of microbial toxins in the blood overwhelms the immune system and produces a whole-body inflammatory state. sepsis A host and a microbe exist with no harm to either commensialism What is the end product? pluripotent stem cell myeloid stem cell erythroblast reticulocyte ??? erythrocyte Oblong lens, irregular shape of the lens and/or cornea astigmatism Characterized by the sudden onset of petechiae and purpura in young children idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Where does erythropoiesis occur after age 20? ribs, sternum, and pelvis Presence of M cells in serum without findings of multiple myeloma monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Based on anaplasia and uses Roman numerals I-IV grading Autosomal deficiency or defect in vWf Von Willebrand disease A factor IX deficiency is involved in this hemophilia B Purple areas of bruising purpura A decrease in the absolute number of cells hypoplasia (but can be generalized as atrophy) Cellular engulfment, killing and degradation of microorganisms and particulate matter phagocytosis These are not leukocytes reticulocytes Exudate that contains pus and mucus mucopurulent An abnormal passageway between two endothelium-lined organs or between two blood vessels that don't normally connect fistula What is the end product? pluripotent stem cell myeloid stem cell granulocyte ??? eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil Elements: painless lymphadenopathy night sweats Reed Sternburg cells Hodgkin's lymphoma Low frequency hearing loss originated from the middle or external ear conductive hearing loss Involves debris collecting between the retina and the choroid dry macular degeneration Microvascular disease characterized by - widespread platelet thrombi - thrombocytopenia - fragmentation of erythrocytes causing hemolytic anemia and jaundice thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Established by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, this is based on size and spread, involvement of lymph nodes, and the extent of metastasis staging and TNM system Labile cells exist here GI tract and blood Monocytes in connective tissue histiocytes This disorder can manifest as a primary condition with signs of hypercoagulability or as a secondary contion associated with systemic lupus erythematosus antiphospholipid syndrome Presenting symptoms of bone pain, weight loss and weakness multiple myeloma An X-linked recessive disorder that affects the factor VIII gene hemophilia A Splenomegaly during the accelerated phase causes abdominal fullness and discomfort chronic myelogenous leukemia An autoimmune disorder that results in platelet antibody formation and excess platelet destruction idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Activation of disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder may be initiated the following ways through the extrinsic pathway obstetric complications, bacterial sepsis, and trauma Next step? pluripotent stem cell lymphoid stem cell ??? T cell progenitor and B cell progenitor Activation of disseminated intravascular coagulation disorder through the intrinsic pathway can occur these ways temperature extremes, burns, and endothelia damage by viruses and bacteria Ciliary muscle relaxes. Tension on the suspensory ligaments increases, tightening the lens and making it more concave. This is a sympathetic reaction far vision accommodation Abnormal growth of tissue from a mucous membrane polyp A type of septicemia that leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature pyemia Evolution to acute leukemia from the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia terminal blast crisis Type of gangrene caused by clostridium bacteria gas gangrene Malignant neoplasms of cells originally derived from hematopoeitic stem cells leukemias Common sites for metastatic calcification lung and blood vessels Underlying anatomical difficulty, and could be a thicker lens or a longer eyeball myopia There is an increased prevalence of cataracts in: myopic people, people who take non-anabolic steroids, and diabetics Antibodies broduced by B cells harboring the Epstein-Barr virus - they react with antigens from other species heterophil antibodies The most common cause of impaired platelet function aspirin and NSAID use These factors start the clotting process in response to injury XII, high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikren Pus collects in a naturally existing anatomic cavity, such as the pleura epyema Outcome of primary disease sequela Neoplasm of gland tissue or gland pattern adenocarcinoma Sudden unilateral blindness anopsia Occlusions of branch arteries of the retina can cause amaurosis fugax An abnormality in the partial thromboplastin time could possibly be explained by the following antiphospholipid antibodies Vitamin K is required in the synthesis of the following factor II Calcium is required in the coagulation cascade in every step except XII XIIa and XI XIa Where are the fixed macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system? Kupffer's cells (liver), spleen, and alveolar macrophages (lungs) Which is not a cardinal sign of infection? amaurosis fugax Clinical manifestations: vessel narrowing A-V nicking edema microaneurysms exudates cotton-wool spots vascular retinopathy Involves the passage of whiter blood cells through the walls of small blood vessels emigration Disease due to absent or defective synthesis of alpha/beta chains of adult hemoglobin thalassemia Characterized by large erythrocytes on peripheral smear; caused by malnutrition, malabsorption and/or folic acid antagonists megaloblastic anemia A myeloproliferative disorder in men 40-60; the volume of erythrocytes exceeds normal levels, leading to increased blood viscosity. Symptoms include complexion changes and bloodshot eyes polycythemia vera Most common inherited enzyme defect that affects males and homozygous females; makes erythrocytes susceptible to oxidants, denaturing of HgB and Heniz body formation. People with this deficiency cannot take aspirin glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Anemia of thalassemia occurs for two of these reasons reduced Hgb synthesis and imbalance in globin chain production (unaffected chains accumulate in RBC and Heinz bodies impair DNA synthesis)