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BSMCON NUR 2102 - Final Cumulative Exam | 893 Questions with solved Answers| 100% Correct.
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BSMCON NUR 2102 - Final Cumulative Exam2022-2023| 893 Questions with solved
Answers| 100% Correct.
Melanoma Risk Factors - -Too much exposure to UV radiation
Moles
Fair skin, freckling, red, or blonde hair
Positive family history of melanoma
History of immunosuppressive treatment
Older age
Male gender
Past history of melanoma
-Screening Recommendations for Melanoma - -Skin examination every 3 years for ages
20-40 and yearly for over 40
Monthly skin self-exam starting at age 20
-Appendages of the Skin - -Hair, nails and glands (eccrine, apocrine, sebaceuos)
-Eccrine Glands - -Most numerous sweat glands on the body. In greatest number on
palms, soles and forehead.
-Apocrine Glands - -Found only in the axillae, nipples, areolae, anogenital area, eyelids,
and external ears. Activity associated with puberty and body odor.
-Sebaceous Glands - -Secrete sebum which keeps the skin and hair lubricated. Greatest
distribution on face and scalp.
-Abnormal Nail Findings - -Edema & erythema, Koilonchia, Leukonychia, Clubbing,
Beau's Lines, Pitting, Onycholysis
-Koilonychia - -Spoon Nail: thin, depressed nail with the lateral edges turned upward.
Associated with anemia
-Leukonychia - -White spots on the nail plates. Caused by minor trauma or
manipulation of the cuticle
-Clubbing - -The angle of the nail base exceeds 180 degrees. Associated with chronic
respiratory or cardiovascular disease.
-Beau's Lines - -A groove or transverse depression running across the nail. Result from
trauma. Looks similar to the chipping of nail polish from the base of the nail toward the
tip.
-Pitting - -Associated with psoriasis. Looks like "golf-ball" nails
,-Expected Changes with Aging - -Dry skin, less perspiration, folding and wrinkling
appearance of skin due to loss of elasticity, skin pallor and cooler skin temperature, gray
hair, thinning scalp, axillary, and pubic hair, thicker nails that are brittle hard and
yellowish. Nails develop ridges and are prone to splitting into layers.
-Wood's Lamp - -Used to identify fluorescing lesions, indicating fungal infection. If no
fungal infection, the light tone on the skin appears soft violet.
-Abnormal Skin Findings: Texture - -Excessive dryness, flaking, cracking or scaling.
Maceration, discoloration or rashes
-Abnormal Skin Findings: Temperature - -*Cool Skin:* generalized- cool or cold skin
associated with shock or hypothermia. Localized- (particularly in extremities) indicate
poor peripheral perfusion.
*Hot Skin:* generalized- reflects hyperthermia associated with fever, increased
metabolic rate (e.g. hyperthyroidism), or exercise. Localized- reflect inflammation,
traumatic injury, or thermal injury such as sunburn.
-Abnormal Skin Findings: Moisture - -Diaphoresis abnormal in the absence of
strenuous activity. May reflect hyperthermia, extreme anxiety, pain, or shock.
Hyperthyroidism
-Abnormal Skin Findings: Mobility & Turgor - -Poor skin turgor "tenting" seen
resulting from dehydration or in someone who has experienced a significant weight loss.
Edema, excessive scarring, some connective tissue disorders reduce skin mobility.
-Abnormal Skin Findings: Thickness - -Increase in thickness in diabetics. Excessively
thin (shiny or transparent) in hypothyroidism, arterial insufficiency and aging.
-Reduce Risk of Melanoma - -Avoid excessive UV exposure
Avoid being outdoors in the middle of the day (10am-4pm) when the UV light is the
most intense
Wear a hat and long-sleeved shirt outside
Wear sunglasses with 99-100% UV absorption
Avoid tanning salons and sun lamps
Apply sunscreen - SPF 15 or greater, reapply q 2 hours
-Early Signs of Melanoma - -ABCDEF
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation
Feeling
,-Stage I Pressure Ulcer - -Intact skin with nonblanchable redness usually over a bony
prominence.
-Stage II Pressure Ulcer - -Partial-thickness loss of dermis. Presents as shiny or dry
shallow open ulcer with pink wound bed without slough or bruising. May be a serum-
filled blister.
-Stage III Pressure Ulcer - -Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of
subcutaneous tissue. Subcutaneous fat may be visible, but bone, tendon, or muscles are
not exposed. Slough may be present.
-Stage IV Pressure Ulcer - -Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or
muscle. Slough or eschar may be present within wound bed
-Unstageable Pressure Ulcer - -Full-thickness tissue loss in which base of ulcer is
covered by slough or eschar. True depth of ulcer cannot be determined until slough &/or
eschar is/are removed.
-Serous - -wound drainage that looks clear or straw colored; thin and watery
-Serosanguinous - -Fluid appears pink due to a small number of blood cells mixing in
with serous drainage
-Sanguinous - -Red drainage from trauma to a blood vessel
-Purulent - -Yellow, gray, beige, or green drainage that comes out of a wound when an
infection invades the area; contains pathogenic microorganisms along with white blood
cells or dead or dying bacteria
-Primary Skin Lesions - -Macule, Papule, Patch, Plaque, Nodule, Wheal, Tumor,
Urticaria (hives), Vesicle, Cyst, Bulla, Pustule
-Secondary Skin Lesions - -Crust, Scale, Fissure, Erosion, Ulcer, Excoriation, Scar,
Atrophic scar, Lichenification, Keloid,
-Macule - -Flat, circumscribed area that is a change in the color of the skin. Less than
1cm in diameter. Freckles, flat moles, measles, scarlet fever. Primary
-Papule - -Elevated, firm, circumscribed area less than 1cm. Wart (verruca), elevated
moles, cherry angioma, skin tag. Primary
-Patch - -Flat, non palpable, irregular-shaped macule more than 1cm in diameter.
Vitiligo, port wine stain, cafe-au-alit spots, mongolian spots. Primary
-Plaque - -Elevated, firm, and rough lesion with flat top surface greater than 1cm.
Psoriasis, eczema. Primary
, -Wheal - -Elevated, irregular-shaped area of cutaneous edema; solid, transient; variable
diameter. Insect bites, urticaria, allergic reaction. Primary
-Nodule - -Elevated, firm, circumscribed lesion, deeper in dermis than a papule. 1-2cm
in diameter. Lipomas, melanoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma. Primary
-Tumor - -Elevated and solid lesion; may or may not be clearly demarcated; deeper in
dermis; greater than 2cm in diameter. Neoplasms, lipoma, hemangioma. Primary
-Vesicle - -Elevated, circumscribed, superficial, not into dermis, filled with serous fluid;
less than 1cm in diameter. Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster (shingles), acute
eczema. Primary
-Bulla - -Vesicle greater than 1cm in diameter. Blister, lupus. Primary
-Pustule - -Elevated, superficial lesion; similar to a vesicle but filled with purulent fluid.
Impetigo, acne, folliculitis, herpes simplex. Primary
-Cyst - -Elevated, circumscribed, encapsulated lesion; in dermis or subcutaneous layer;
filled with liquid or semisolid material. Sebaceous cyst or cystic acne. Primary
-Scale - -Heaped-up keratinized cells; flaky skin; irregular; thick or thin; dry or oily;
variation in size. Flaking of skin with seborrheic dermatitis following scarlet fever or
following a drug reaction. Eczema. Secondary
-Lichenification - -Rough, thickened epidermis secondary to persistent rubbing, itching,
or skin irritation; often involves flexor surface of extremity. Chronic dermatitis,
psoriasis. Secondary
-Keloid - -Irregular-shaped, elevated, progressively enlarging scar; grows beyond the
boundaries of the wound. Formation could occur following surgery. Secondary
-Scar - -Thin-to-thick fibrous tissue that replaces normal skin following injury or
laceration to the dermis. Healed wound or surgical incision. Secondary
-Excoriation - -Loss of the epidermis; linear hollowed-out trusted area. Abrasion or
scratch, scabies. (Picture someone having run into some briars in the woods or a cat
scratch on the arm)
-Fissure - -Linear crack or break from the epidermis to the dermis; may be moist or dry.
Athlete's foot, cracks at the corner of the mouth, chapped hands, eczema.
-Crust - -Dried drainage or blood; slightly elevated; variable size; colors variable - red,
black, tan or mixed. Scab on abrasion, eczema
-Erosion - -Loss of part of the epidermis; depressed, moist, glistening; follows rupture
of a vesicle or bulla (blister). Varicella, candidiasis, herpes simplex.
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