PSYC 375 Final Exam Questions and Answers

Early U.S. Psychology - Answer- Stage 1: Moral and Mental Philosophy: -god -locke Stage 2: Intellectual Philosophy: -psychology is separate from philosophy Stage 3: The US Renaissance: -psychology + evolution Stage 4: Functionalism: -structuralism also big Characteristics of Functional Psych - Answer- 1. Dont agree with sterile searches of elements 2. Understanding functions rather than contents 3. Practical science pure science 4. Research on animals, children and abnormal humans with many methods 5. Interested in in the WHY of mental processes & motivation 6. Mental processes and behaviour are legitimate subject matter for psych -Introspection is valid 7. Idoegraphic nomothetic 8. Influenced by James William James (Crisis, Germans, Streams of consciousness, Habits & Maxims) - Answer- Crisis: he didnt believe in free will but then got depressed so he adopted a pragmatism view: if a belief works it is valid -Radical Empiricist Germans: was critical of Wundt, Fechner and Weber -book looks at empirical and rational as well as experimental and phenomenological Streams of Consciousness: -consciousness is continuous and personal, constantly changing, selective and functional Habits & Instincts: -all behaviour is governed by instincts (innate) -habits: develop throughout lifetime and are instinctual life behaviours 5 Maxims to Develop Good Habits: 1. Good circumstances 2. Dont act contrary to habit u r trying to develop 3. All or nothing 4. Intentions dont matter 5. Force yourself to act in ways more beneficial William James (The self & self esteem, emotions, free will, & pragmatism & contributions) - Answer- The Empricial Self: everything a person could call their own (the me) 3 Components: material self, social self and spiritual self (states of consciousness) -I is the part of the self that does the knowing and is philosophical and cant be proven Self-Esteem: -Self esteem= successes/pretences (achievements/attempts) -first person to look at this James-Lange Theory: first respond physically than emotionally- act the way u want to feel Free WIll: -studying free will in certain circumstances may be beneficial even though psychology is deterministic Ideo-motor Theory of Behaviour: an idea of an action causes an action to occur Pragmatism: -Vaihinger's "as if" -2 types of personality: Tender minded (religious, dopmatic, optimistic, rationalistic) Tough minded (irreligious, empiricist, materialistic, pessimistic) -James thought that Pragmatism was a compromise between these two personalities because you take the best of both Contributions: -ideas for functional psych & pragmatic philosophy -expanded research techniques & subject matter -stressed usefulness & incorporated evolutionary theory Hugo Munsterberg - Answer- -didn't believe that will was involved in voluntary behaviour and that it is a byproduct of bodily activity Applied Psychology: used to uncover useful info -treated mentally ill -unliked freud he directly treated symptoms which had people expect to improve (opposite to freud) -Reciprocal Antagonism: strengthening thoughts opposite to those causing problems Forensic Psych: -psych + law -showed inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony -use psychologists for interrogation to now get false confessions -created lie detector idea Industrial Psych: -tips of personelle selection: 1. list skills u want and then determine a persons ability to do skills 2. whether a task is boring is not determined by observing the work of others Fate: -ideas were overlooked bc he was trying to talk about the stereotypes with americans and germans Mary Whiton Calkins - Answer- First female president of the APA -Munsterbugs grad student -no PHD bc woman Paired-associate technique: -frequency facilitated memory more than recency or vividness Granville Stanley Hall - Answer- -president of clarke -helped create the APA Developmental Psych: -used evolutionary theory & said that babies rapidly and then it slows down -develop and then learn to inhibit primitive impulses Magnum Opus: book about how masturbation is bad Opposition to Co-education: -gender degregated schools bc men are dealing with their sexuality and women are getting ready for motherhood Psychology & Religion: -During adolescence a religious conversion occurs (love of self to love of others) but it wasnt true hehe Legacy at Clarke: -psych dominated the school making it one of the most influential american psych universities Psychology and Race - Answer- Francis Cecil Sumner: -first AA to have PHD -Halls grad studetn -president of howard uni, the black harvard Kenneth Clarke: -coloured doll experiment -research led to the supreme court decision that school segregation was damaging Functionalism At Chiacgo (Dewey, Angell & Carr) - Answer- Dewey: -reflex arch concept is the formal beginning of the functionalist school -Analysis of behaviour in terms of reflexes: -believed we should study behaviour as a whole and look at it in terms of its functions (the function is always to adapt to the environment) -believed students learn by doing -teach children in a way that stimulates personal interest Angell: -Dewey's student -wanted psych to be applied to education, business and clin -under his chairmanship Chicago became the leader of functionalism Carr: Adaptive Act: -3 Components: 1. Motive 2.Environment 3. Response to satisfy motive -maze studies and liked animal research & preferred experiments over introspection -like Wundt he believed that literature and art should be studied to understand the mind 3 Phases of Functionalist Movement - Answer- 1. Initiation by Dewey 2. Development by Angell 3. Preservation by carr Functionalism at Columbia (Cattell, Woodworth & Thorndike) - Answer- Cattell: -Pragmatic ideas -got kicked out bc he didnt like the war drafting Woodworth: -motivation & DYnamic Psychology -SOR (stimulus, organism, response to emphasize importance of organism) -believed that mechanisms are the way and organism interacts with the environment to satisfy a need -all mechanisms are dormant until activated -thought that we should use lots of psychological schools Thorndike - Answer- -first person to do animal research without attempting to infer cognitive processes (raising chicks with james) -important for functionalism- behaviourism Animal research b4 thorndike: -Darwin -Romanes: anthropomorphized the animals and was too antcedotal -Morgan: morgan's canon: explanations of animal behaviour should be kept as simple as possible -the point of morgans canon was to prevent anthropocentrism which is the belief that non-human cognitive processes are the same as humans Washburn's Comparative Psych: -first woman to get PHD -comparative cognition and consciousness in all animals Thorndikes Puzzle Box: -box in which animals needed to perform a certain response before the door would open so they could get a reward Connectionism: thorndikes theory of learning that concerns neural bonds that associate sense impressions and impulses to actions 3 Conclusions from the puzzle box: 1. Learning is incremental 2. Learning occurs automatically 3. Same principles of learning apply to all mammals The Law of Exercise: strength of an association is related to its frequency -later found this law wrong bc practice alone did not strengthen association Law of Effect: Reward strengthens associations and punishment weakens them (found punishments dont work) -first learning theory- applies hedonism and associationism Identical Elements Theory of Transfer: the extent to which info learning in one situation will be transferred to another situation is based on similarity between two -didnt like mental muscle approach -wanted schools to teach skills that would be similar to those used in the real world Influence: -greatest learning theorist of all time & influenced skinner Beyond Functionalism - Answer- James Mark Baldwin: -created the first canadian psych lab, founder of social psych & child psych -Baldwin effect: mechanism for possible link between learning and evolution -caught in brothel What happened to functionalism: -did not die, but was absorbed into many different schools Russian Objective Psychology - Answer- Sechenov, Pavlov, Bechterev, Luria and Vygotsky Ivan Sechenov - Answer- -founded russian objective psychology -wanted to explain all psychic phenomena based on associationism and materialism Inhibition: -his finding of inhibitory mechanisms in the brain made him believe that psych can be studied in terms of physiology -Salt on frogs cortex inhibited reflexive behaviour -important bc it answered the questions as to why there was a difference between the intensity of a stimulus and the intensity of a response (sometimes responses are inhibited) Psychology as Physiology: -didnt like introspection -wanted to use objective methods Pavlov - Answer- -did research on digestion in alive animals which was better than previously as it had been done by dead animals -founded the conditioned reflex during his digestion studies -believed conditioned reflexes were explained by contiguity and frequency Personality: hard worker, inclusive, didnt write a lot, did not like using mentalistic terminology Excitation & inhibition: -cortical moasic: the pattern of excitation and inhibition in the brain at any time -Extinction: a CR no longer happening bc a CS is no longer paired with a US Spontaneous Recovery: CS causing a CR after extinction Disinhibition: a strong, irrelevant stimulus causing the CR to return after extinction Experimental Neurosis: Neurotic behaviour thats caused from excitatory and inhibitory tendencies conflicting 4 types of animals: strong excitatory, moderate excitatory, strong inhibitory, moderate inhibitory First and Second Signal Systems: first: objects/events that cause an event Second signal systems: symbols of objects/events that cause a biologically significant event Pavlov's Attitude towards psych: -liked Thorndikes objective research and didnt like non-objective shit -created a physiological mechanism for associations Bechterev - Answer- reflexology: an objective study of behaviour that looks at the relationship between the environment and overt behaviour -believed that he is the originated of behaviourism Bechterev & Pavlov: -looked at reflexes but pavlov called them conditioned reflexes while becterev called them association reflexes -didnt like pavlovs study of secretion & saliva & studied motor reflexes instead -work on overt behaviour was more relevant to US behaviourism but pavlov is more famous Other Contributions to Russian Objective Psych - Answer- Luria: -brain damage studies -developed a theory of cortical functions that divided brain in 3 parts and accounted for neurological processes essential for attention Vygotsky: -cognitive & language development -thoughts or language which came first? -used many different styles like objective psych, gestalt psych etc John B Watson (Life ) - Answer- Education: The Chicago Years: -Angell and Lobe (Tropism: the automatic orienting response) -Tropism adopted by watson for humans -Rats & MAzes with Ikes -expert on white rat -him and Carr began research on rats solving mazes and found that they were relying on their kinestetic senses -him and lashely did research on birds find their way home Life at John Hopkins: -Began teaching -bros with titchener