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Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie - Ontwikkelingspsychologie nieuw boek!
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OntwikkelingspsychologieInhoud
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Theoretische perspectieven 20ste eeuw .................................................................................................. 5
Hedendaagse ontwikkelingspsychologie ........................................................................................... 10
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 12
Het begin van het leven ......................................................................................................................... 13
Erfelijkheid ......................................................................................................................................... 13
prenatale groei en verandering ......................................................................................................... 20
geboorte ................................................................................................................................................ 24
weeën: het begin van de geboorte ................................................................................................... 24
van foetus tot pasgeborene............................................................................................................... 25
Opvattingen over bevallen; waar medische zorg en attitudes samenkomen.................................... 25
Complicaties ...................................................................................................................................... 26
wat een pasgeboren baby allemaal kan ............................................................................................ 30
Fysieke groei en ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................ 31
Babytijd.............................................................................................................................................. 31
peuter en kleuter tijd......................................................................................................................... 35
Schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 37
motorische ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 37
pasgeboren kind ................................................................................................................................ 37
Peuter en kleutertijd.......................................................................................................................... 40
schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Bedreigingen van fysieke ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 43
Voeding .............................................................................................................................................. 43
slaapproblemen ................................................................................................................................. 44
ziektes en ongevallen ........................................................................................................................ 45
kindermishandeling ........................................................................................................................... 46
zintuigelijke ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................... 47
babytijd .............................................................................................................................................. 47
peuter en kleutertijd ......................................................................................................................... 51
schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 51
cognitieve ontwikkeling volgens Piaget ................................................................................................. 52
sensorimotorisch stadium 0-2 jaar ........................................................................................................ 53
, substadium 1: eenvoudige reflexen................................................................................................... 53
........................................................................................................................................................... 54
substadium 2: eerste gewoonten en primaire circulaire reacties ................................................. 54
substadium 3: secundaire circulaire reacties ................................................................................ 54
substadium 4: coördinatie van secundaire circulaire reacties....................................................... 54
substadium 5: tertiaire circulaire reacties ..................................................................................... 55
substadium 6: begin van denken ................................................................................................... 55
preoperationeel stadium : 2-7 jaar .................................................................................................... 55
symboolgebruik ............................................................................................................................. 56
concreet-operationeel stadium = schooltijd...................................................................................... 58
conservatie .................................................................................................................................... 58
Seriatie ........................................................................................................................................... 58
spatiaal redeneren......................................................................................................................... 58
kritische reflexie ................................................................................................................................ 59
cognitieve ontwikkeling: informatieverwerkingsmodel ........................................................................ 62
De babytijd ........................................................................................................................................ 63
aandacht ........................................................................................................................................ 63
geheugen ....................................................................................................................................... 63
categorisatie .................................................................................................................................. 64
Intelligentie .................................................................................................................................... 64
Kleuter en peutertijd : ....................................................................................................................... 65
geheugen ....................................................................................................................................... 65
, getalbegrip..................................................................................................................................... 66
Schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 66
kritische reflectie ............................................................................................................................... 67
taalontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................... 67
Prelinguale periode ........................................................................................................................... 70
....................................................................................................................................................... 72
Vroeglinguale periode ....................................................................................................................... 72
differentiatiefase ............................................................................................................................... 74
voltooiingsfase ................................................................................................................................... 75
Twee- en meertaligheid ..................................................................................................................... 75
ontwikkeling van het zelf ....................................................................................................................... 77
babytijd .............................................................................................................................................. 77
Peuter en kleuter tijd......................................................................................................................... 77
schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 78
Genderbeleving ..................................................................................................................................... 79
babytijd .............................................................................................................................................. 80
kleuter en peutertijd ......................................................................................................................... 80
schooltijd ........................................................................................................................................... 80
emotionele ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 81
emoties herkennen, begrijpen en erop reageren.............................................................................. 81
emoties ervaren en tonen ................................................................................................................. 83
emoties reguleren ............................................................................................................................. 85
morele ontwikkeling en empathie......................................................................................................... 85
Piaget ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Kohlberg ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Hoffman ............................................................................................................................................. 87
ontwikkelen van sociale relaties ............................................................................................................ 88
gehechtheid ....................................................................................................................................... 88
gezinscontext ..................................................................................................................................... 92
opvoedingsstijlen en dimensies ........................................................................................................ 93
Perspectief zelfdeterminatietheorie .................................................................................................. 94
relaties met leeftijdsgenoten............................................................................................................. 95
, Inleiding
Vraagstukken die de ontwikkelingspsychologie domineren:
1. Continue verandering versus discontinue verandering
Geleidelijke ontwikkeling In aparte stappen
Prestaties op een bepaald niveau vloeien
voort uit die van vorige niveaus Kwalitatieve verschillen (qua inhoud anders is)
Kwantitatief verschillen
( qua hoeveelheid anders) elk stadium levert gedrag op dat qua inhoud en
VB: beter en sneller kunnen lezen, maar hoedanigheid anders is dan gedrag in eerdere
proces erachter blijft hetzelfde (klanken stadia
vormen) VB: kleuter plast opeens niet meer in bed omwille
van rijping van de blaas
2. Kritieke periode versus gevoelige periode
Kritiek Gevoelig
Bij blootstelling / ontbreken van invloeden Ontbreken van bepaalde omgevingsfactoren
→Permanente en onomkeerbare gevolgen kan de ontwikkeling verstoren
Latere ervaringen kunnen deze tekorten weer
opheffen
→ grotere plasticiteit dan verwacht
3. Levensloop versus specifieke periode
één universeel traject vele mogelijke trajecten
opeenvolging van stadia in universeel patroon door unieke combinaties van persoons- en
omgevingskenmerken veel mogelijke trajecten
iedereen zelfde stadia rond zelfde leeftijd
4. Nature versus nurture
Nature Nurture
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