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Summary Epidemiology
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Pharmacy - foundation in pharmacy practice Summary notes including bullet points, key diagrams/images
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EpidemiologyTime, Place and Person
Epidemiology of a disease gives ideas about the cause and behaviour of it
Hypothesis generating studies form ideas
Descriptive Epidemiology- Time Trends
Improvement in water supply, sanitation and food hygiene
Immunisation and medical treatments
McKeown hypothesis- healthcare is minor attributor to population health status
and nutrition is critical
Cigarettes and alcohol consumption increases mortality
GNP (gross national product) is negatively associated with disease
Number of doctors per 10,000 POSITIVELY associated with mortality largely in
younger age groups
Disease frequency changes with time and important in knowing when these are
Descriptive Epidemiology- Geography
Need to be aware where disease is causing largest problem
Can study difference between populations
Can target intervention to those who need it most
Descriptive Epidemiology- Characteristics
Age, sex, occupation, social class, ethnicity etc.
Can be important or negligible
Rates and Standardisation
Crude death rates don’t take into account age structures (can be important)
Used to avoid bias by comparing population to standard as accounts for
population differences
Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence (rate)- number of new cases of particular disease in a population in a
certain time
Prevalence (ratio)- all cases of disease existing in a given population at a given
time
Analytical Epidemiology
Observational studies
Focus on identifying or measuring effects of a risk factor
Test hypotheses
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