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Summary Tableting and granulation
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Industrial pharmacy - 1st semester Includes bullet points, key diagrams and images
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Tableting and GranulationWet Granulation
Mix TI with powder and lubricant
Planetary bowl mixer or vertical mixer:
Homogenous mixing
Better if particles are all similar sizes
Rotating drum mixer:
Mix TI with powder excipients
Drum rotates to mix powder
High speed mixer:
Mix TI with powder excipients
Wet Granulation of Powder Mix
Excellent powder mixing properties
Advantages:
Prevention of segregation of powder components
Enhancement of flow properties
Enhancement of compaction properties
Lower incidences of dust production
Wet granulation process:
Mix powders with suitable fluid (water, isopropanol or ethanol)
Binders are added to achieve cohesion to from granules
Oscillating granulator:
Low shear mixing
Granulation fluid sprayed over powder to form wet powder
Fluidised bed granulation:
Powder suspended by air
Granulation liquid sprayed from either top or bottom forming circular flow
Processing of Granules into Tablets
Drying the granules:
Shelf or tray drier similar to a convection oven (can use vacuum to speed up)
Fluidised bed drier by drying granules using hot air stream through suspended
granules
Milling the granules:
Controlling particle size and distribution to improve flow
Smaller particles for smaller tablets
Use oscillating granulator or quadro comil
Mixing granules with lubricants:
Using the same equipment used for mixing the powder
Time and shear rate are very important for tablet performance
Particle-Particle Interactions
, Particle interactions facilitated by formation of liquids bridges which depends
on the volume of free water
Particle interactions facilitated by formation of solid bridges
Advantages of wet granulation- reduces segregation of formulation, good for low
concentration of API in drugs and use conventional excipient and methods
Disadvantages of wet granulation- several processes, solvent in process may
cause degradation and drug may be soluble in granulation fluid
Dry Granulation
Diluent- anhydrous lactose, starch, dibasic calcium phosphate and MCC
Disintergrant- starch, MCC, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose and
crospovidone
Lubricants- stearates, PEG and polyoxyetheylene
Glidant- talc and colloidal silicone dioxide
Aggregation of particles is facilitated by high compaction stress
Particle-particle interactions formed by electrostatic forces, Van der Waals
forces and melting of components within the mix
Advantages of dry granulation- conventional excipients, no heat or solvent and
not alteration of drug morphology
Disadvantages of dry granulation- special roller compaction equipment,
segregation of components can occur, issues with powder flow and final tablet
tends to be softer
Slugging
Mix TI with powder and lubricant
Then compressed into oversized tablets in a high stress pressing machine which
forces compaction
Oversized tablet is milled to produce granules
Roller Compaction
Mix TI with powder and lubricant
It’s compressed using rollers and then milled to form granules
Direct Compaction
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